中文摘要：

作为哺乳动物第二大目的翼手目（Chiroptera；俗称蝙蝠）在飞行能力、回声定位与听觉系统、食性、冬眠、免疫防御等诸多方面表现出显著而独特的适应性进化，是研究生物对环境适应性进化分子机制的热点模型之一。文章综述了翼手目适应性进化分子机制的研究进展，特别是近年来在基因组水平上开展的相关研究，显示出更为复杂的分子进化模式和功能分化。随着越来越多的翼手目物种基因组数据的产生，将有望揭示新的进化机制，并为后续的功能实验奠定基础，促进人们对翼手目这一类群的认识和了解，同时也为系统认识动物适应性进化分子机制做出贡献。

英文摘要：

As the second biggest animal group in mammals, Chiroptera （bats） demonstrates many unique adaptive features in terms of flight, echolocation, auditory acuity, feeding habit, hibernation and immune defense, providing an excellent system for understanding the molecular basis of how organisms adapt to the living environments encoun-tered. In this review, we summarize the researches on the molecular mechanism of the adaptive evolution of Chirop-tera, especially the recent researches at the genome levels, suggesting a far more complex evolutionary pattern and functional diversity than previously thought. In the future, along with the increasing numbers of Chiroptera species genomes available, new evolutionary patterns and functional divergence will be revealed, which can promote the further understanding of this animal group and the molecular mechanism of adaptive evolution.