中文摘要：

视网膜神经元的损伤和修复与神经性视觉损伤发生、发展和转归密切相关.精准诱导干细胞分化视网膜神经节细胞（RGCs）及移植为青光眼和视神经退行性病变治疗提供了新的思路.本文通过总结干细胞的应用分类和RGCs发育特性,分析干细胞定向分化RGCs的诱导方法及存在的问题,为临床干细胞替代治疗受损RGCs提供理论基础和参考.

英文摘要：

The injury and repair of retinal neurons is a common scientific problem in the occurrence, development and prognosis of neuronal visual impairment. Transplant of retinal ganglion cells （RGCs） differentiated from stem cells opens a new avenue for treatment of glaucoma and optic neuronal degenerative diseases. For the goal to explore the optimal method for RGCs replacement, this review summarizes the current information regarding the classification and application of stem cells, the growth characteristics of RGCs and the precise methods to induce RGCs, and discusses some important issues that need resolving and are related to RGCs transplantation. It is hoped that this article will provide useful theoretical basis for the research of this field.