中文摘要：

极端条件下水热化学反应是一个新的科学问题。借助于高温超高压原位直接测量方法、各种谱学方法和同步辐射光源技术研究地球内部流体物质相互作用，可以获得反应过程的产物的分子-原子尺度信息，这些信息可以提供认识极端条件下水和矿物（岩石）反应动力学的新实验途径。地球内部的流体性质随所处高温高压条件发生变化。水的密度、介电常数等物理参数随温度压力变化而改变，在临界态会出现突变。水的性质的剧变会影响水与岩石（矿物）相互作用。文中报道了在极端条件下（20～435℃和23～35MPa）实验测量矿物（钠长石、辉石、石英和阳起石等）和岩石（玄武岩、正长岩）在水溶液里的溶解反应速率的研究结果，发现矿物里各种不同类型金属离子与水反应的速率不同，随温度变化而改变。在升温过程中，进入临界态时，矿物（岩石）与水反应出现一次反应速率的涨落。在恒压升温过程中（临界压力，或略高于临界压力），硅酸盐矿物溶解速率会逐步升高，如硅近临界区（300℃）抵达最大值，然后随升温溶解反应速率减低。地球内部的流体由深处上升到浅处，会从超临界区域进入近临界的气与液的两相不混溶区域。含金属流体里的金属会在气相与液相分离时出现再分配。实验表明：金属Au、Cu、Sn、W、Zn会进入气相，气体可以迁移金属。事实说明：地球内部流体结构和性质从深到浅在不断变化，在跨越临界区时的水的性质异常变化会导致水与矿物（岩石）反应动力学涨落，并且促使金属在临界区出现沉淀和在气液相分离过程中进行再分配及迁移。

英文摘要：

In-situ observations of the matter under ultra-high pressure and high temperature conditions as in the Earth interior by using diamond anvil cell connected to spectrometer and microscope, combined with synchrotron radiation technique, may obtain new data and message to reveal the kinetic mechanism of water-mineral and water-rock interaction at the extreme conditions. The nature of Earth fluids would be changed by the variations of the temperatures and pressures of their locations. It is well known that the properties of water in the critical region may show anomalies in many of its physical properties. For example, the density or dielectric constant of water may drop with increasing temperature. NaCl-H2O at high temperatures and pressures（800℃, 3 GPa） have been examined by in situ observation using diamond anvil cell connected to FT-IR spectrometer. The sharp and strong O-H stretching vibration at 330 ℃ near the critical point of water proves the break down of the hydrogen bonding network. Kinetic experiments of minerals （albite, quartz, diopside, actinolite, etc. ） and rock （basalts, syenite） in aqueous solutions were performed by using fluid through apparatus at temperatures of 20 to 435 ℃ and pressures of 23 to 35 MPa. We found that the dissolution rates exhibit a fluctuation during crossing the critical state of water. The dissolution rates of silicate minerals in water increase with increasing temperature until reaching the critical state of water. Then they decrease with continued increasing temperature. The dissolution rate reaches a maximum value in the critical region （300-400℃ ）. The fluctuation of dissolution rates are affected by the variation of water properties. As the deep metal-bearing supercritical fluids rise up, they will have an opportunity to pass through the L-V immiscibility region. We performed a series of experiments of L-V immiscibility region of metal-bearing fluids, and found Au, Cu, Sn, W, and Zn could be partitioned in liquid and vapor phases in the suberitica