中文摘要：

植物质体转化技术通过同源重组实现定点整合，与细胞核基因工程相比，使外源基因表达更为精确、安全和高效。该技术在基础研究中为叶绿体功能基因组研究提供了有效手段，同时在应用方面为外源基因表达提供了理想的平台，已成为植物遗传育种的一种新策略。本文总结了近年来质体基因工程在转化体系的建立和优化上的新思路，着重阐述了利用质体转化技术在遗传育种中提高作物抗性、改良品质等应用领域的最新研究进展。克服质体转化技术在作物遗传育种中面临的难题，必将为作物育种的发展带来新的绿色革命。

英文摘要：

The plastid genome engineering system allows site-specific modifications via two homologous recom- bination events. It is much safer, more precise and efficient compared with the nuclear transformation system. This technology can be applied to the basic research to expand plastid genome function analysis, and it also provides an excellent platform for not only high-level production of recombinant proteins but also plant breeding. In this review, we summarize the state of the art and progresses in this field. We focus on novel breeding strategies in transformation system improvement and new tools to enhance plastid transgene expression levels. In addition, we highlight selected applications in resistance engineering and quality improvement via metabolic engineering. We believe that by over- coming current technological limitations in the plastid transformation system can another green revolution for crop breeding beckon.