中文摘要：

提高水资源利用效率是缓解水资源供需矛盾，实现经济社会可持续发展的关键。本文综合运用主成分分析法和数据包络分析法对我国31省市2010年水资源利用效率状况进行研究。研究显示：①北京、内蒙古、黑龙江、上海、福建、山东、河南、新疆8省市的水资源投入产出达到了DEA有效，这表明，一个地区水资源利用效率的高低与经济发展水平没有必然的联系；其他23个省市应该参考和自己经济发展水平相当的省份进行学习；②整体上看，除了经济特别发达的省份，如江苏、浙江和广东外，绝大多数省份应该加大水资源方面的投入，实现规模效益；③对于水资源储量特别丰富的省份，如湖南、湖北，应该建立起节水机制，同时优化产业结构。

英文摘要：

Improving the efficiency of water resource use is crucial to mitigating the conflict between water supply and demand. This paper aims to determine causes for inefficient water utilization in China, and solutions. We selected ten input indicators and six output indicators to analyze the utilization efficiency of water in the 31 provinces of China in 2010. We used principle component analysis to analyze the ten input indicators and six outputs indicators and obtained three input principle components and two output principle components. The cumulative variance contribution rate of the principle components was 87.619% （for inputs） and 84.610% （for outputs）. Using derived scores of the five principle components we then conducted data envelopment analysis （DEA）. The results show that the utilization efficiencies of water resource in Beijing, Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Shanghai, Fujian, Shandong, Henan and Xinjiang achieve DEA efficiency, implying that the utilization efficiency of water has no relationship to the level of economic development. Other provinces should learn from these eight provinces which are quite similar in economical development. Among inefficient provinces, Guangdong, Sichuan and Liaoning are the three worst performing and this pattern indicates that the richer a province＇ s water resources, the greater their output can be further enhanced. The majority of provinces should increase water resource inputs in order to obtain an economical efficiency of scale, except those economically developed provinces such as Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Guangdong. We also found that the availability of water resources is inversely proportional to the utilization efficiency of water resources. For provinces where water reservoirs are particularly rich, such as Hunan and Hubei, water-saving mechanisms and optimized industrial structures should be explored. Our data has practical significance in formulating realistic water strategies and policies and achieving sustainable development in China.