中文摘要：

面对解决血液来源匮乏的问题，开发新的血源已经成为当前医疗中的迫切需要，其中一种重要的手段就是体外产生功能性的红细胞，而脱核是关键的一步．虽然目前的研究表明已经可以在体外条件下产生成熟的脱核红细胞，但是诱导分化的效率相对比较低．不仅如此，我们对红细胞脱核机制研究的并不是很清楚．本文对于目前研究比较成熟的三种脱核理论，包括细胞凋亡学说、不对称分裂学说、膜泡运输理论，以及脱核过程中重要的蛋白质、microRNA进行了阐述，并对体外制备血细胞的前景进行了展望．

英文摘要：

To solve the shortage of blood sources has become an urgent need in the current medical. One ot the important solutions is functional production of erythrocytes in vitro using stern/progenitor cells. But enucleation remains one of the critical rate-limiting steps. Even though reticulocytes could be produced in vitro, the low efficiency should be concerned. To uncover the molecular mechanism of erythroblast enucleation will facilitate ex vivo production of functional erythrocytes. This review summarizes three prevalent enucleation mechanisms, including apoptosis, asymmetric cytokinesis and vesicle trafficking, discusses proteins and microRNAs playing important role in the process, and evaluates the prospects for ex vivo production of red blood cells.