中文摘要：

肿瘤的早期诊断是目前临床医学最具挑战性的问题之一．分子诊断不仅能对肿瘤早期做出确切的诊断，而且能对肿瘤分期、分型、疗效监测和预后评估做出判断．硅纳米线作为新型一维半导体纳米材料，具有超高灵敏度、专一选择性、无标记检测、快速实时响应等独特优势，在近年来的生物医学检测应用，特别是肿瘤的分子诊断方面引起了极大的关注．基于此，本文介绍了硅纳米线场效应晶体管（FET）的工作原理、硅纳米线的制备方法、传感灵敏度的影响因素，综述了硅纳米线FET生物传感器在肿瘤分子诊断中的应用（包括核酸的定性与定量检测、肿瘤蛋白标志物检测、以及分子间相互作用研究），并展望了硅纳米线生物传感器的未来发展趋势，希望能为硅纳米线在肿瘤早期诊断的进一步应用提供一定的参考．

英文摘要：

Cancer, one of the most life-threatening diseases, causes a heavy burden to both the society and family. Timely and efficient early diagnosis of cancer is critical to enable effective treatment and improving survival rate, which also is currently one of the most challenging problems in clinical medicine. Although modem medical imaging is an important tool for cancer diagnosis, detection of molecular biomarkers （such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and metabolites）, released from the cancer cells or the organs, is the preferred approach for detecting and tracking cancer due to their unique association with genomic changes in cancer cells, especially for screening and early diagnosis of cancer. Molecular diagnosis can help doctors not only make a precise diagnosis in diseases＇ early stage, but also make a judgment in disease staging, classification, curative effect monitoring and prognosis evaluation. A variety of conventional technologies are developed for biomarker detection, such as radio-immunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）, however, they are label-based, multi-step, time-consuming, and required experienced personnel to conduct the experiment. Silicon nanowire field-effect transistors （SiNW-FETs）, as new one-dimensional semiconducting nanostructures, exhibit some unique properties, including high surface-to-volume ratios, fast electron transfer, and biocompatibility. SiNW-FET based biosensors have recently been attracted tremendous attention as a promising tool in biomedical and chemical detection because of their ultrasensitivity, specificity, label-free detection, and rapid and real-time response capabilities, which demonstrate a great potential in the application of medical diagnosis, chemical analysis, environmental monitoring, and food industry. Over the past decade, SiNW-FET biosensors are employed in the detections of DNA sequences, microRNAs, proteins, small molecules, cancer biomarkers, cells, and viruses. Here, we present a comprehensive review which introduces the working pr