中文摘要：

核酸适配体（aptamer）是一类通过指数富集的配体系统进化技术（SELEX）经体外筛选得到的单链DNA或RNA。核酸适配体借自身形成的空间结构与靶标分子特异性结合，具有靶分子广、亲和力高、特异性强、易改造修饰等特点，因而在生命科学、临床诊断、药物发现和环境科学等方面得以广泛应用。近年来，核酸适配体与纳米技术结合，并利用纳米材料在光学、磁学、电学、化学及生物学方面表现出的特殊性质，实现了对靶标分子高灵敏度、高选择性、简便快速的识别与检测。本文评述了基于核酸适配体﹣纳米粒子特性的光学探针在生物大分子、金属离子和有机小分子检测等领域的应用现状与发展趋势，主要包括比色法、荧光光谱法、表面增强拉曼光谱法等。

英文摘要：

Aptamers are short single-stranded DNA （ssDNA） or RNA by in vitro screening of systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment （SELEX）. Based on their special structures which are easily rebuilt and modified, aptamers are of high affinity and specificity with a wide range of targets. These advantages have motivated aptamers to find broad applications for biomedicine, clinic diagnosis, drug discovery environmental science and so on. Recently, aptamers integrated with nanotechnology have realized simple and rapid recognition of various targets with high sensitivity and selectivity owing to the novel optical, magnetic, electric, chemical and biological properties of nanomaterials. This paper reviews the latest advances and trends of aptamer-nanomaterial-based optical probes for biomolecules, metal ions and organic compounds, including colorimetry, fluoresence and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy （SERS）.