中文摘要：

河流与地下水的脱节现象广泛存在于干旱及半干旱地区，二者间的相互作用已成为目前的研究热点。在简要分析河流与地下水关系的基础上，综述了河流与含水层之间由饱和连接，经过渡脱节，演化为完全脱节系统的物理过程及机理和脱节系统形成的必要条件。总结分析了最大渗漏量法、临界地下水位法、水位波动法等河流与地下水关系判别方法以及优缺点。讨论了非稳定演化过程中河水的入渗规律以及介质时空非均质性对脱节系统的影响。分析认为目前脱节形成机理仍不完全明晰；简便有效的判别方法还需进一步研究；介质时空非均质性对河水渗漏的影响是未来研究的重要方向。

英文摘要：

The phenomenon of a stream becoming disconnected from its underlying aquifer commonly occurs in arid and semiarid areas. The interaction between disconnected streams and aquifers is a popular research topic, and over the past few decades, new understanding and methods have emerged. In the present study, we first briefly analyzed the relationship between streams and aquifers. We then reviewed the physical processes and basic principles by which the stream-aquifer system changes from connected to transitional, and subsequently from transitional to fully discon- nected, as well as the hydrogeological conditions required for disconnection to occur. For assessing the hydraulic con- nection between the stream and the aquifer, we synthesized field-based methods based on maximum infiltration rates, critical groundwater tables, or the fluctuations of stream water tables and groundwater tables. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods were analyzed. We also discussed the transient stream-aquifer exchange during disconnection and the effects of heterogeneity on disconnection. We conclude that the basic principles of disconnection are not fully understood. Convenient and reliable methods for assessing the connection status and the effects of heterogeneity on seepage from streams require further investigation in the future.