中文摘要：

无损获取高分辨率、高衬度微纳米材料结构图像, 并能够原位、 定量分析是X射线成像技术发展方向之一. 最新发展起来的相干X射线衍射成像技术, 也称为无透镜成像技术, 为实现这一目标提供了可能. 本文介绍了相干X射线衍射成像技术的成像原理和发展过程, 以及在材料学和生物学中的一些典型应用和最新进展, 例如掺杂铋元素在硅晶体中的分布成像, GaN量子点壳层结构的三维高分辨成像, 染色大肠杆菌的二维成像, 鱼骨的二维成像及矿化机理研究, 单个未染色疱疹病毒的二维高衬度成像, 未染色酵母菌细胞的三维高分辨成像及原位定量分析. 最后对相干X射线衍射成像技术的发展方向做了展望. 随着X射线自由电子激光的应用和冷冻技术与相干X射线衍射成像技术的结合, 相干X射线衍射成像技术将得到快速的发展和广泛的应用.

英文摘要：

In site quantitative, high-contrast and high-resolution imaging of micro/nanoscale material is an important goal of the X-ray microscopy and imaging. A novel method which is called lensless imaging or coherent X-ray diffraction imaging, is a promising approach to solving these problems. In this review, a brief introduction to imaging theory and development of coherent X-ray diffraction imaging, and some typical applications in material science and biology are presented. For instance, two-dimensional （2D） imaging of Bi dopant distribution in a Si crystal, quantitative three-dimensional （3D） imaging of a GaN quantum dot with core shell structure, 2D imaging of stained Escherichia coli bacteria, nanoscale imaging and mechanisms of biomineralization of fish bones, 2D high-contrast imaging of an unstained herpes virus, 3D high-resolution imaging of an unstained yeast cell and in situ quantitative analysis are illuminated. Finally, the future prospect of coherent X-ray diffraction imaging is given. With the development of X-ray free electron lasers and combining cryogenic techniques with coherent X-ray diffraction microscopy, coherent diffraction imaging will be a powerful tool and widely used in materials science and biology.