中文摘要：

随着地震勘探的目标由构造油气藏转向岩性油气藏，对地震资料的品质要求更高，高分辨率地震勘探技术起到了关键作用.为了提高地震资料的分辨率，本文对高分辨率地震勘探技术中的野外数据采集进行了研究，通过波动方程正演模拟，分析复杂近地表结构对地震资料的影响.借助正演模拟与实际数据的综合分析得出，在复杂近地表区，综合性的近地表调查试验显得尤为重要，只有在充分了解表层岩性结构变化的基础上，才能更好地确定激发井深，优化激发参数，以达到提高地震波主频，拓宽有效频带的目的，进而改善地震资料品质，使其满足高分辨率地震勘探的要求.

英文摘要：

With the fast development of oil resources, the goal of seismic exploration which was structural reservoirs is turning into lithologic reservoirs. As a result, the requirement of seismic data quality is getting higher. It is the high-resolution seismic exploration technology that has played a key role in improving the quality of the seismic data. The high-resolution seismic exploration technology is the basis of searching for subtle structures, subtle reservoir and special lithologic reservoir. Using the high-resolution seismic exploration technology, fine structural interpretation, sequence stratigraphy and lithology prediction can work better to guide the direction of oil and gas exploration and development. With the purpose of acquiring higher resolution seismic data, this paper focuses on the field acquisition of seismic exploration in the high resolution seismic exploration technology. In this paper, the impacts of complex near surface structures on seismic data are analyzed with the method of wave equation forward modeling. The excitation parameters of explosive source are discussed, such as explosive properties, excitation lithology and excitation depth. Besides, on the basis of many complex near surface areas, two kinds of geophysical models have been set up. Through the analysis on the results of the forward seismic modeling, the bad effects on the seismic data quality caused by the complex near surface structures have been reflected. With the help of comprehensive analysis of the simulated data and the real data, we have come to a conclusion that comprehensive near-surface survey test is particularly important in the complex surface area. Only based on having a strong understanding of the changes of surface lithology, the shot depth can be determined effectively. In the practical field seismic acquisition, good results have been obtained based on the application of this conclusion. Consequently, the seismic wave main frequency is improved and the effective frequency band is extended with the optimizatio