中文摘要：

概述了不同施肥措施对微生物活性、生物量和群落结构的影响,以及微生物因原有土壤肥力、施肥时间长短、肥料数量等不同而对不同施肥措施做出不同的响应。施肥是影响土壤碳、氮含量的最主要农业措施,而土壤中的碳和氮是微生物生命活动的基础,土壤微生物生命活动是土壤养分转化的活的驱动力。化肥对微生物数量、活性和多样性的直接影响很有限,但它可通过增加作物产量、秸秆还田量和土壤有机质的方式间接增加微生物活性。化肥尤其氮肥的另外一个间接作用就是使土壤酸化,从而对微生物有显著负影响。而有机肥可直接为土壤微生物提供碳源,或通过促作物生长和秸秆还田为微生物间接提供碳源。总之,长期不同施肥改变土壤养分的转化途径,从而影响土壤供氮能力和碳贮备能力,最终影响土壤可持续性和土壤质量。

英文摘要：

This paper summarized the effect of organic amendments and chemical fertilizer on soil microbial activity,biomass and community structure,as well as different microbial feedback to fertilizer inputs because of dissimilar original soil fertility,long/short term fertilizer inputs and amount of fertilizer.Fertilizer inputs is the most important agricultural management practice affecting soil carbon and nitrogen content.Moreover,soil carbon and nitrogen provide a direct source for soil organisms.Furthermore,microbial activity is a live driving force for soil nutrition transformation.Mineral fertilizers have limited direct effects on soil microbial activity,quantity and diversity,but their application can enhance soil microbial activity via increases in crop production,crop residue returns and soil organic matter.Another important indirect effect especially of N fertilization is soil acidification,with considerable negative effects on soil microorganism.Organic amendments provide a direct source of C for soil microorganisms as well as an indirect C source via increased crop growth and crop residue returns.In a word,long term fertilization not only change microbial nutrition transformation way,accordingly affecting soil nitrogen providing capacity and carbon store capacity,but also affect soil sustainability and soil quality.