中文摘要：

由拥有超过二的一个多倍体有机体从一种(autopolyploidy ) 染色体设定或二或更多的种类(异源) 被知道有进化优点。然而，由意味着的，多倍体在一个房间原子核提供增加的基因剂量或分叉的染色体(异源) ，细胞质组成庞大的挑战。最近的年在探索 polyploidy 的这些看起来无形的障碍可以被改善或最后克服的可能的机制见证努力和进步。特别地，文档快速、广泛非孟德尔基因并且经常伴随初生的 polyploidy 的 epigenetic 变化正在揭示：在全球、地区性、本地的层次的产生非添加剂和新奇基因表示，和向二原子价的配对和 disomic 继承的 meiotic chromosomal 行为的及时恢复可以保证快速的建立和稳定以及它的长期的进化成功。这些新奇机制 underpinning polyploidy 上的进一步的说明将在未来在进化生物学并且在我们的操作能力在基本问题上支持我们的理解当前是在 genomic 宪法的多倍体的重要庄稼的基因改进。这评论被打算在范围以内在这些有趣、重要的问题上提供更新的讨论一特定然而，最重要的植物之一组织—多倍体小麦和它的相关种类。

英文摘要：

A polyploid organism by possessing more than two sets of chromosomes from one species （autopolyploidy） or two or more species （allopolyploidy） is known to have evolutionary advantages. However, by what means a polyploid accommodates increased genetic dosage or divergent genomes （allopolyploidy） in one cell nucleus and cytoplasm constitutes an enormous challenge. Recent years have witnessed efforts and progress in exploring the possible mechanisms by which these seemingly intangible hurdles of polyploidy may be ameliorated or eventually overcome. In particular, the documentation of rapid and extensive non-Mendelian genetic and epigenetic changes that often accompany nascent polyploidy is revealing： the resulting non-additive and novel gene expression at global, regional and local levels, and timely restoration of meiotic chromosomal behavior towards bivalent pairing and disomic inheritance may ensure rapid establishment and stabilization as well as its long-term evolutionary success. Further elucidation on these novel mechanisms underpinning polyploidy will promote our understanding on fundamental issues in evolutionary biology and in our manipulation capacities in future genetic improvement of important crops that are currently polyploids in genomic constitution. This review is intended to provide an updated discussion on these interesting and important issues within the scope of a specific yet one of the most important plant groups--polyploid wheat and its related species.