中文摘要：

化肥已经广泛应用在农牧和园艺业等领域,目前全世界每年化肥的使用量高达4×108吨.然而,现有的化肥在应用中具有明显的应用缺陷及带来环境污染等问题,例如在干旱土壤中不能完全释放,引起土壤退化;此外,自然界中的突降暴雨及不合理的灌溉也容易发生养分流失而导致河流污染.基于上述问题,控缓释化肥已经成为研究热点.本文从控缓体系的设计及机理等问题出发,介绍不同高分子材料包膜的制备技术及其特性.现有的控缓释载体多为非降解的高分子合成材料,如聚苯乙烯,聚乙烯等.寻找一种环保、廉价、可再生的控缓释化肥基材已成为本领域的研究热点.但环保型控缓释化肥,尤其是使用天然高分子材料的体系还大都停留在实验室阶段.另外,干旱缺水是制约我国农业发展和加速土地荒漠化的重要因素.因此使用高吸水聚合物,能赋予缓释载体吸水保水功能,不仅能增强缓释功能,而且对于干旱地区植物的营养和水分状况有良好的改善作用.在农业上使用吸水性聚合物对于改良土壤物理性质、促进种子发芽和出苗、提高幼苗的成活率、降低植物对灌溉的需要、提高养分利用率等多方面都很有潜力.

英文摘要：

Various fertilizers have been widely used in agricultures and horticultures. More than 400 million tons fertilizers are used in the world every year. However,fertilizer cannot be resealed in dry soil,and could be flashed out with heaven rain or irrigation without controlling into river,which results in polluting water resources. Actually,fertilizers have already caused serious pollution for rivers and degeneration of land.Therefore,various controlled release fertilizers have been developed. This paper reviewed development of controlled release fertilizer based on both fundamental issues such as system designing and mechanisms,and materials used for coating as well as their fabrication. So far most of the materials used for coating are synthetic polymeric materials,such as PS,PE etc.,which are not biodegradable. Environmentally friendly biodegradable coatings have attracted increasingly attention,but still in development stage in laboratory. On the other hand,dry and desertification are big challenges for agriculture in China. Using superabsorbent polymers as coating materials could add the function of keeping moisture for the fertilizer,which is particularly important for dry area. It is expected that the superabsorbent polymer coatings could be favorable for crops through helping seed sprout; increasing sprouting ratio,reducing irrigation and enhancing fertilizer efficiency etc.