中文摘要：

为了理解基因基础，那位于在人、非人类的首领之间的 phenotypic 分叉下面，我们屏蔽了在人的大脑表示并且把他们与黑猩猩 orthologs 作比较识别在人的系显示出快速的进化的证据的基因的 7176 编码蛋白质的基因的一个总数。我们的结果证明为在人和黑猩猩的大脑表示的基因的 nonsynonymous/synonymoussubstitution (K_a/K_s ) 比率是 0.3854，建议表示大脑的基因在功能的限制下面。X 连接表示 humanbrain 的基因比正染色体的更快演变。我们进一步把了由定序代表性的首领种类到 identifylineage 特定的适应进化的 34 候选人基因的分子的进化模式。十五从 34 候选人基因显示出证据积极达尔文在人或黑猩猩系的选择。这些基因被预言在胚胎的开发，精子发生和男性起多样的功能的作用富饶， signaltransduction，感觉 nociception，和神经功能。和其它的这研究证明在检测系特定的适应进化的多重密切相关的种类的种系发生的比较的实用性和力量，和确实表示 selectedbrain 的基因的鉴定可以把新知识加到人的起源的分子的机制的理解。

英文摘要：

To understand the genetic basis that underlies the phenotypic divergence between human end non- human primates, we screened e total of 7176 protein-coding genes expressed in the human brain end compared them with the chimpanzee orthologs to identify genes that show evidence of rapid evolution in the human lineage. Our results showed that the nonsynonymous/synonymous substitution （Ka/Ka） ratio for genes expressed in the brain of human end chimpanzee is 0.3854, suggesting that the brain-expressed genes ere under functional constraint. The X-linked human brein-exprsseed genes evolved more rapidly than eutosomel ones. We further dissected the molecular evolutionary patterns of 34 candidate genes by sequencing representative primate species to identify lineage-specific adaptive evolution. Fifteen out of the 34 candidate genes showed evidence of positive Darwinian selection in human end/or chimpanzee lineages. These genes ere predicted to play diverse functional roles in embryonic development, spermetogenesis and male fertility, signal trensduction, sensory nociception, end neural function. This study together with others demonstrated the usefulness end power of phylogenetic comparison of multiple closely related species in detecting lineage-specific adaptive evolution, and the identification of the positively selected brain-expressed genes may add new knowledge to the understanding of molecular mechanism of human origin.