自开埠以来,澳门已是一个外向型的微型经济:它的人口仅55万人,经济活动容纳能力有限,必须依靠外来的经济力量;其资源贫乏,土地面积仅29.2平方公里,是世界上最细小也是人口密度最高的城市之一。博彩业是澳门经济的最大特色,一直带动澳门的经济发展。1847年的博彩业合法化和长期经营博彩业的经验,更使澳门成为亚洲罕有的世界著名赌城。回归前后二十年,澳门经济发展先经历了一段不稳定的时期,而在回归后十年以来迅速增长。当地的第二产业在工业北移的趋势下,已逐渐式微;第三产业,特别是博彩旅游业在赌权改革下,迅速成为经济发展的主要动力。然而,过于单一化的产业结构加上土地资源紧张、人力资源短缺和基建条件欠佳等客观条件,更限制了澳门经济的持续发展,从1997年的亚洲经济危机和2009年的环球"金融海啸"对澳门所带来的空前打击可见一斑。2009年1月,时任国家副主席习近平到访澳门时表达了中央政府"支持澳门适度多元化发展"的产业策略,以促进澳门的长期繁荣稳定。重点分析澳门回归前后二十年的产业结构变化及其博彩业的发展状况,透过两个以博彩业为核心行业的国际著名赌城:拉斯韦加斯和蒙地卡尔与澳门的综合比较,剖析澳门博彩业内部结构的特征,从而探讨如何以博彩业带动澳门产业适度多元化及可持续地发展。
since the opening of commercial ports, Macau has been an export-oriented micro-economy and one of the smallest cities with the highest population density in the world. Macau has limited natural resources: its area is only 29.2 square kilometers. Its population is only 55 million. Thus the capacity of economic activities is limited in Macau so that ithighly relies on external economic forces. Gaming industry is the pillar industry of Macao. After the legalization on gaming in 1847 and based on its long-term experience on gaming business, Macau becomes a well-known casino city in the world, named as the "Oriental Monte Carlo". Macau's economy has experienced a period of instability before its handover to Mainland China in 1999, while during the first decade after its handover, it experienced a rapid growth of economy. Although the secondary industry has gradually declined due to its northward relocation trend, the tertiary industry, especially after the reform of license of gaming and tourism, has quickly become the main driving force of the economic development. However, the oversimplified industrial structure restrains the sustainable economic development of Macau. Unprecedented impacts were brought to Macau during Asian economic crisis in 1997 and the global "financial tsunami" in 2009. In January 2009 when President Xi Jinping visited Macau, he expressed supports on the development of appropriate economic diversity of Macau to promote its long-term prosperity and stability. This paper investigates the changes of industrial structure and development of the gaming industry in Macau before and after its handover to the Mainland. Based on the comprehensive comparison with Las Vegas and Monte Carlo, the two famous casino cities in the world, this paper analyzes the internal structure of the gaming industry of Macau, in order to explore how to enhance its economic diversity and sustainable development by gaming Industry.