中文摘要：

进入21世纪,计算机科学与技术领域正在面临一次深刻的变革,计算机系统子领域也不例外.指出这次变革的一个主要特征是从“人机共生”跃变到“人机物社会”.这个跃变也为计算机系统的研究提出了4个带有基础性的挑战：1）重新审视计算和计算机系统概念,以及刻画新型负载和使用模式;2）研究新型的计算机系统度量;3）让计算机系统直接支持网络;4）发现和利用涌现现象.基于中国科学院计算技术研究所织女星网格小组和国际同行的研究工作,讨论了这4个问题,并指出这些问题还没有答案,这提供了很多研究机会.

英文摘要：

As we enter the 21st century, a profound transformation is emerging in the field of computer science and technology, this is also true for the subfield of computer systems. The main characteristic of this transformation is the leap from man-computer symbiosis to man-cyber-physical society （a tri-world of people, computers, and things）. This raises four fundamental challenges to computer systems research： 1） we must revisit the very concept of ＂computation＂ and ＂computer system＂, and we need to study new workload and usage pattern analytics; 2） we must investigate new metrics of computer systems; 3） we need to explore the possibility of new computer architecture that directly supports network; 4） we need to discover and make use of emergent phenomena. In this paper, based on research work done by oversea researchers and at the Institute of Computing Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, we discuss the four challenges and point out that the answers are still lacking, which may lead to abundant research opportunities.