中文摘要：

太阳磁活动强度呈现大约11年的周期性变化,这是太阳内部等离子体湍动对流和磁场相互作用的结果,即太阳的磁流体力学发电机过程.由于对流层强分层、湍流和非线性的特征,人们远不能通过真实太阳物理参数的全球磁流体力学的数值模拟来认识太阳磁周期的演化.简化的发电机模型,如轴对称运动学平均场发电机模型在理解太阳磁周期方面取得了长足进步.磁场的极向分量和环向分量在一定速度场的作用下相互维持,使得磁场能持续的周期性变化.其中的关键物理问题包括：产生环向场的机制和位置,产生极向场的机制和位置,环向场浮现到表面产生具有倾斜角黑子的物理过程以及黑子赤道向迁移的机制.目前只有环向场的产生机制争议较少,其他的问题自20世纪60年代平均场发电机模型建立以来,不同时期有不同的主流认识和主流的发电机模型.过去十几年中Babcock-Leighton型磁通量输运发电机较为全面地解释了太阳磁周期变化的整体特征,但也面临一些新认知的挑战.包含环向磁流管浮现的三维Babcock-Leighton型发电机可能成为下一代主流的运动学发电机模型,它将和全球磁流体力学模拟并行发展,互相受益,提升对太阳磁周期的理解.

英文摘要：

Solar magnetic activities show an about 11-year cycle period with the variations of the amplitudes. The increasing technological advancement induces the stronger influence of the solar magnetic cycle on humans. The magnetic cycle is believed to be caused by a magnetohydrodynamic（MHD） dynamo process in the solar interior, where the flows and the magnetic fields interact in the strongly turbulent convective zone. The intrinsic features of the solar interior, e.g., the stratification, the turbulence and the nonlinearities, make the global MHD simulations of solar convection with the realistic parameters of the Sun extremely hard. The past substantial progress in understanding the solar magnetic cycle benefitted from the simplified models, e.g., the axisymmetric kinematic ones. The mean field electrodynamics and the helioseismology laid the foundation of the progress. Under the effects of the large-scale flows, the poloidal and the toroidal components of the magnetic field sustain each other, which persists the cycle variations of the solar magnetic field. The key ingredients in the dynamo process include the mechanism and the location of the toroidal field generation, the mechanism and the location of the poloidal field generation, the rising of toroidal field to form the sunspots with tilts and the mechanism for the equatorward migration of the sunspots. So far, only the generation of the toroidal field by differential rotations is less controversial. The current dynamo models usually do not include the toroidal flux tube emergence, which was investigated as a separated topic. As the workhorse to understand the solar cycle during the past decade, the Babcock-Leighton（BL） type flux transport dynamos is a popular paradigm for explaining the cyclic nature of solar magnetic activity. They were even used to predict future solar cycles by assimilating observed surface flows and fields into the models. Recently the flux transport dynamos faces some challenges, such as the depth variation of the equatorward flow, t