中文摘要：

测定不同陆地生态系统土壤呼吸速率及其时空波动，阐明其影响因子，对于全球碳素平衡预算和全球变化潜在效应估计是最为基本的数据。然而，有关土壤呼吸作用变异性及其影响因素的知识仍存任局限性，一些关键的过程和机制还有待阐明。该文综述了近年来土壤呼吸作用时空动态规律、影响机制和模拟方面的研究进展，指出环境因子和生物因子共同驱动着土壤呼吸作用的时间动态变化；土壤呼吸作用在不同时间尺度上还具有明显的空间异质性，这主要是植被覆盖、根系分布、主要的环境因素和士壤特性空间分布的异质性造成的。生物因子是影响土壤呼吸作用时空动态变化的主要因素之一。然而，同前所使用的土壤呼吸作用经验模型通常利用士壤温度、土壤湿度或者两者的交互作用模拟土壤呼吸作用动态变化，但没有考虑生物因子的影响，这可能会导致明显的偏差和错误。因此，为了精确估算士壤呼吸作用，必须解决土壤呼吸作用小尺度上的空间变异性；加强不同时间尺度上生物要素对土壤呼吸作用动态变化的影响研究；除了气候因子外，士壤呼吸作用经验模型应该纳入牛物因子等其它影响因素作为变量，用以提高模型模拟的正确性和准确性。

英文摘要：

Detailed information on the spatial and temporal variation of soil respiration and controlling factors in different terrestrial ecosystems is critical for understanding the ecosystem carbon budget and the response of soils to global climate change. Despite the importance of this topic, knowledge is limited, and key processes and mechanism need clarification. We reviewed recent research advances in the spatial and temporal variation of soil respiration, driving mechanisms and simulation. Environmental and biotic factors play key roles in regulating the temporal variations of soil respiration. Soil respiration also exhibits high levels of spatial heterogeneity, especially across small spatial scales at different time scales. The heterogeneity of vegetation cover, root distribution, major environmental factors and soil properties contributes to the spatial variation of soil respiration. Biotic factors have also been shown to have an effect on soil respiration. However, empirical models of soil respiration typically use soil temperature, soil moisture and their interaction for large-scale soil respiration estimates. Thus, significant errors may result from these models when changes in other biotic factors can confound the temperature or moisture dependence of soil respiration. Therefore, in order to accurately estimate soil respiration in target ecosystems, we must be able to account for its small-scale spatial variation and address the influence of biotic factors in explaining the variation of soil respiration at different temporal scales. Besides climatic variables, it is necessary to incorporate additional factors （biotic factors or soil properties） into these empirical models for accurately evaluating soil respiration.