中文摘要：

[摘要]作为机体抵抗病原微生物的第一道防线，固有免疫细胞通过模式识别受体（PRR）识别病原体相关模式分子（PAMP）继而启动下游信号通路，以发挥固有免疫效应，清除入侵的病原体和异物。固有免疫细胞主要的信号通路有NOD样受体（NLR）及Toll样受体（TLR）信号通路，病原菌经过长期的选择进化产生了针对NLR及TLR信号通路的对抗机制，以利于其在宿主体内的生存增殖。病原菌主要通过产生毒力因子或降低刺激炎症小体活化的PAMP的表达，干扰、抑制或避免固有免疫细胞内炎症小体的活化，实现对NLR介导的信号通路的免疫逃逸。而对TLR信号通路的免疫逃逸主要通过产生毒力因子，抑制丝裂原活化蛋白激酶级联反应、抑制NF—KB活化以及通过产生含有TIR结构域的蛋白，直接与TLR或者TLR信号通路中的接头蛋白结合，干扰下游信号转导三种机制。

英文摘要：

The innate immune system provides a first line of defense against invading pathogens, in which the pattern recognition receptors （PRR） recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns （PAMP） and initiate the downstream signaling pathways to eliminate the encountered pathogens signaling pathways： NOD-like receptor （NLR） si （TLR） signaling There gnaling are two main classes of such pathway and Toll-like receptor pathway. The microbial pathogens under selective pressure have evolved numerous mechanisms to avoid and/or manipulate the NLR and TLR signal transduction for survival and replication. To evade the NLR si pathogens interfere and/or inhibit inflammasome activation in innate gnaling pathway, immune cells by producing virulence factors or reducing PAMPs expression. The mechanisms for pathogens to evade TLR signaling pathway include： inhibition of mitogen activated protein kinases （MAPKs） cascade reaction, inhibition of NF-KB activation, and interference of down-stream signal transduction by producing Toll/interleukin-1 receptor （TIR）-containing proteins which bind directly with TLRs or adaptor proteins in the signaling pathway.