中文摘要：

纳米粒子是当今最受关注也是最常报道的一类纳米材料，尺寸处于纳米级别是纳米粒子的突出特点，这赋予其在化学、光学、电学和磁学等方面优于传统块体材料的独特性能，因而纳米粒子越来越受到人们的重视，并广泛应用于很多领域，尤其是生物医药领域。本文围绕可生物应用的纳米粒子，从组成以及结构的角度着手，将纳米粒子分为有机纳米粒子、无机纳米粒子以及有机／无机杂化纳米粒子。同时结合近三年国内外关于各类纳米粒子新颖的合成报道，分别阐述了上述不同种类纳米粒子所具有的适合生物应用的物理和化学方面的特征，并针对不同类别的新型纳米粒子，着重描述了其具体合成方法和潜在的生物应用。最后，简单介绍了纳米粒子在生命科学这一领域的具体应用实例，如刺激响应感应器、生物特异性标记及基因药物载体等，并展望了纳米粒子在该领域的长远发展。

英文摘要：

Nanoparticles have attracted much attention and already been extensively applied in many areas in the last decade. Due to nano-scaled sizes, nanoparticles exhibit various outstanding properties that differ from those of bulk materials, such as unique performances in fields of chemistry, photology, electricity, magnetism and so on. This review summerizes their classifications based on the different compositions and structures, i.e. organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles and organic/inorganic hybrid nanoparticles. The review focuses on the synthetic methods of different types of nanoparticles, particularly ones could be applied in biology. In addition, the unique physical and chemical features of the classified nanoparticles, which would be helpful for their biological applications, are clarified respectively. Because of their excellent properties such as large superficial area, high surface energy, environmental sensitivity and bioeompatibility, nanoparticles have been widely used in various fields such as photoelectricity, chemistry, bioteehnology and so on. We highlight the biological applications of the nanoparticles and introduce some specific examples of stimuli responsive sensors, bio-specific labeling, gene/drug deliveries and so on. At last we propose the prospects of the nanopartieles.