中文摘要：

性格优势和美德是源于“价值实践分类体系”同一架构中不同层次的概念。过去十年的研究表明性格优势对个体身心健康和幸福感有积极贡献。但目前该领域绝大多数研究着眼于性格优势，而忽略了该体系中更普遍、更核心的美德。美德的结构差异性可能阻碍了相关研究的进行和比较。本文认为“兼顾文化共通性与文化特殊性方法”可能是解决途径之一，并引用已有研究进行佐证，发现亲和力、生命力和意志力可能是一个具有普遍意义的美德结构。

英文摘要：

Virtue is a eternal pursuit across all time and continents in human. However, it was been studied and scrutinized under the scope of philosophy and ethics. That had been impeding the development of virtue until Peterson, Seligman, and their colleagues proposed a system of virtues as a major personal resource for enhancing well-being, Values In Action Classification （VIA）. The system of virtues consists of 6 core virtues （wisdom/ knowledge, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence） and 24 character strengths. Corresponding measurements have been developed and tested around the world and across all age group. After more than a decade of researching and investigating, a substantial amount of results about it has proven its true value. Studies have consistently indicated that virtues and their corresponding character strengths are negatively related to psychological symptoms. Some characteristics based intervention have been proven to promote the positive development of human. Various programs in different levels have been established aimed to use characteristic as core agents to facilitate the well-being of people. Nevertheless, inconsistency of the structures of the VIA has been demonstrated in different cultural backgrounds. The possible reason may be that current studies have a strong bias toward examining the relationship between strengths and psychological outcomes. The limited research on virtues may be partly attributed to several issues related to virtue assessment or virtue structure. The cultural invariance of the virtue classification proposed by Peterson et al has recently been examined in different cultures other than the United States; various structures of virtues were obtained. The first issue is the structure of the 2-tier system （virtues vs. character strengths）; and the second is the culture-related understanding of items of different character strengths and virtues. The Etic-Emic Approach which is the combination of Emic Perspective of Ethnographers and Etic Perspecti