中文摘要：

完成了6根表面经滚压处理的漏斗形圆棒试样疲劳短裂纹复型实验，结果表明其短裂纹行为表现出明显的微观结构短裂纹（MSC）和物理短裂纹（PSC）2阶段特征．在MSC阶段，由于不同微观结构障碍的阻碍，主导短裂纹出现2次较明显的扩展减速，进入PSC阶段后，随着主导短裂纹尺度的增长，该现象不再显著．与表面未经滚压的试样相比，在给定主导短裂纹尺度条件下，滚压试样的裂纹扩展速率低得多，这种差异在MSC阶段可达1个数量级．滚压试样平均疲劳寿命达到未滚压试样的6．4倍．表面滚压处理有效抑制了微裂纹的形核与合并，改善了局部微观结构条件，并推迟了MSC与PSC过渡阶段的到来，提高了材料的抗疲劳性能．对主导短裂纹尺度、疲劳寿命分数和有效短裂纹密度3种特征参量进行分析，确定了其良好假设分布和统计演化规律．

英文摘要：

Crack initiation, coalescence and propagation normally occupy more than 70% the fatigue life of most engineering structure in the whole fatigue damage process. Investigation on the influence of final machining methods, such as surface rolling, on short fatigue crack behavior for LZ50 axle is beneficial to the manufacture and maintenance of corresponding railway axles. After rolling, the surface hardness increased from 201.68 HV0.1 to 222.90 HV0.1. Much higher residual compressive stress was also engendered in surface and sub-surface by this machining method. Totally six smooth hourglass shaped specimens with surface rolling were tested by a replica technique. The characteristic two-stages behavior, that is, the micro-structural short crack （MSC） stage and the physical short crack （PSC） stage, during crack initiation and propagation was revealed. In MSC stage, the growth rate of dominant short crack for all specimens decelerated twice clearly due to different microstructural barriers. This behavior was related to the restraint of ferrite grain boundary firstly and then to the constraint of pearlite banded structure. While in PSC stage, the decelerating trend was no longer obvious with the increasing dominant crack size. With a given dominant crack size, the crack growth rates of surface rolled specimens were much slower than those of specimens without surface rolling. This difference could reach 1 order of magnitude in MSC stage. Meanwhile, the average fatigue life of the former was about 5.4 times longer than that of the latter. The effective short fatigue crack densityof surface rolled specimens increased in MSC stage, then attained the peak value at the turning point between MSC stage and PSC stage, and finally decreased in PSC stage. At tile same time. surface rolled specimens owned much less crack density than specimens without surface rolling during the whole fatigue process. Surface rolling can restrain the nucleation and connection of micro cracks, improve the local microstructure conditions, push