中文摘要：

元基因组学直接针对从环境中提取的微生物遗传物质进行分析和研究，不仅巧妙避开了微生物纯培养的步骤，而且可以根据不同的研究目的对特定环境中所有的DNA序列进行分析，为研究未培养微生物开辟了新的途径。伴随元基因组学的发展，元转录组学也应运而生，成为研究功能基因组学的重要方法。将2种方法结合起来更有助于了解复杂环境微生物的基因组成与表达情况，获得一些新的发现。该文就元基因组学和元转录组学的概念、优势、研究疗法、基本思路，以及在环境微生物学中的最新成果进行总结和展望。

英文摘要：

Since metagenomics targets at DNA extracted from the environment directly and analyzes the sequence of DNA based on different purposes, it can succeed in escaping from cultivation procedures and open another door for the study of uncultured microorganisms. Metatranscriptomics emerges as a complement of metagenomics,and has become an important approach for studying functional genomics. Integrated metatranscriptomic and metagenomic analysis will help to understand microbial gene composition and expression in the complex environment, and get some new discoveries. In this paper, the concepts, advantages and research strategies of metagenomics and metatranscriptomics and their prospects in environmental microorganism were reviewed.