由简单小分子通过C—c键偶联来构筑复杂多样的大分子是有机合成的重要方向.传统的C—C键偶联反应一般使用卤代烃和金属有机化合物为底物,具有原子效率低、有害废弃物排放等缺点.因此,迫切需要发展一种绿色高效的c—C键偶联方法.其中,以醇类化合物作为底物通过“氢转移”(脱氢/aldol缩合/加氢1实现C—C键偶联的途径受到广泛关注.该方法具有诸多优点:(1)醇类化合物来源广泛、价格低廉、相对安全;(2)只产生H2和H2O,没有其它副产物.但由于醇类化合物(特别是仲醇)脱氢困难,该偶联反应条件一般比较苛刻.我们使用O2来辅助仲醇脱氢,采用离子交换树脂负载的Au。Pd纳米颗粒为催化剂,实现了温和条件下伯醇和仲醇的偶联反应.而且发现在氧化气氛下,反应过程中发生了“氢转移”现象,产物为饱和酮类化合物.通过设计对照实验并结合XAFS(X-射线吸收光谱)表征结果,我们揭示了在Au。Pd/resin催化剂上发生“氢转移”反应的机理.AuPd/resin催化剂采用离子交换-NaBH。还原法制备.TEM照片显示Au,Pd以及双金属AuPd纳米颗粒均匀分散在载体上,平均粒径为2.4nm,而且随着Au/Pd比例减小,AuPd纳米颗粒的粒径逐渐减小.XRD谱图显示,随着Au/Pd比例减小,Au(111)衍射峰逐渐向高角度发生偏移,说明AuPd形成了合金.我们以苯甲醇和(土).1.苯乙醇氧化偶联为探针反应考察了催化剂的催化性能.结果显示,以Au/resin和Pd/resin为催化剂时,产物为不饱和酮.而以AuPd/resin为催化剂时,转化率显著提高,说明AuPd之间存在明显的协同作用.而且随着Au/Pd比例增加,产物逐渐由不饱和酮转变为饱和酮,当Au/Pd≥6时,产物完全为饱和酮,说明反应过程中发生了“氢转移”.为验证这一推测,我们以苯甲醇和查尔酮?
Au and Au-containing bimetallic nanoparticles are promising catalysts for the green synthesis of fine chemicals. Here, we used a Au6Pd/resin catalyst for the aerobic C-C cross-coupling of primary and secondary alcohols to produce higher ketones under mild conditions. This is of importance to the construction of a C-C bond. Various substrates were used in the reaction system, and moderate to good yields were obtained. The catalysts can be reused at least five times without decrease of yield. The control experiment and XAFS characterization results showed that hydrogen au- to-transfer occurred on metallic Pd sites even under oxidative conditions. On alloying with Au, the Pd sites became resistant to oxidation and readily abstracted the β-H of the alcohols and transferred the hydride to the C=C bond in the reaction intermediate to give the saturated product.