中文摘要：

清廷发动新政改革,本意是顺应时代潮流,笼络人心,挽救统治危机,结果却走上了全面树敌：因不得不让社会承担改革成本,而使占绝大多数人口的农民利益受损而成为反对者;因不得不废除科举而使士绅的制度性上升通道解体,享有的特权消失,使士绅由皇权的忠诚拥护者变成合作者,再因皇族内阁的出台又一次浇灭士绅重建进入权力体系机制的希望,使其又由合作者变成反对者;因不得不将下移的权力收归中央而与督抚产生矛盾,再因集权皇族亲贵,更使督抚心态疏离,最终变成体制内的反对者。其启示是改革者要关注各方利益。

英文摘要：

The Qing government started the new deal reform with the intention to conform to the trend of the times, win o- ver the people, and save the ruling crisis. But as a result,it met the situation of being surrounded by enemies because of its bearing the reform cost so that the vast majority of farmers whose benefits were lost became its opponents, the gentry be- came the opponents from the cooperators because of their privileges being lost and the abolition of the imperial examination through which they could get an easy rise,and the governors of the state became the opponents with in the system because of the power being reverted to the central government. Its enlightment is that reformers should pay attention to the interests of all parties.