中文摘要：

土壤二向反射特性的研究是进行地表温度、地表反照率等方面反演必须解决的问题，同时也是全球地面覆盖遥感研究所要考虑的背景因素，对定量遥感及土壤遥感技术本身的发展有着重要意义。论文在对不同类型土壤进行室内二向反射率测定的基础上，分析了其在可见光及近红外波段随观测角度变化规律，得出以下结论：在不同的观测方位角，土壤二向反射率均随着观测天顶角的增加而增加，在垂直主平面方向是对称的：并且在后向散射方向达到最高，在前向散射方向达到最低。研究利用基于辐射传输理论的Hapke二向反射模型对不同类型土壤在不同水分含量条件下的二向反射率进行了模拟并取得了较好的结果。此外，基于实测的土壤二向反射率对Hapke模型的主要参数进行反演并研究土壤水分含量对其影响，结果表明随着土壤逐渐变干，其单次散射反照率在整个波段均呈增加的趋势，并且单次散射反照率不受测量时条件的影响。因此，论文可以为利用单次散射反照率来反演土壤水分含量提供研究基础。

英文摘要：

The study of characteristics of soil bidirectional reflection is not only essential to inversion of land surface temperature and albedo, but also of great significance to the development of quantitative remote sensing and soil remote sensing technology per se, and the characteristics are the background factors that must be taken into account in the study on remote sensing of global land-cover. The directional distribution of soil reflectance contains information on structure, particle size distribution and roughness of the surface soil and potentially some additional information on soil composition, e.g. soil water and organic matter content. Based on indoor measurement of bidirectional spectral reflectances of three different types of soils （ i. e. red soil, paddy soil and coastal saline soil） different in moisture content, variation of the reflectance with observation angle in the visible and near infrared bands was analyzed for law. It was found that soil bidirectional reflectance increased with increasing observation zenith angle regardless of observation azimuth, because the shadow which is formed by soil grains obscuring each other in the field of view decreased as the observation angle increases. Soil bidirec- tional reflectance is azimuthally symmetric in the perpendicular plane, and the reflectance is the highest in the backscat- tering direction, because the shadow observed was the lowest due to the fact that the observer and the illuminator are in the same direction and most of the soil grains irradiate directly. Contrarily, the reflectance is the lowest in the forward scatter- ing direction because of the increasing shadow in the field of view. Bidirectional reflectance of soils different in surface moisture content was simulated well with the Hapke＇s model, which is derived from the radiative transfer theory. Moreover, inversion of the major parameters of the Hapke＇s model was performed based on the measured soil bidirectional reflectances, and effect of soil moisture on the reflectance was s