中文摘要：

腐殖物质（HS）是天然有机质的主体,其组成、结构十分复杂。之所以称其为一类物质,就是基于他们具有不同于其形成前体的化学组成与结构特征的共性,或称＂特异性＂,即在腐殖化过程中形成新的化学组合,甚至是＂特异的＂结合方式。但经历近200年的探索,人们对这种＂特异性＂的认识仍然不清楚,并缺少实验上的证据。加之近几年,一些研究结果被不适当的推演,HS的＂特异性＂更加受到质疑。HS到底有无＂特异性＂？＂特异性＂是什么？这涉及HS生物化学的根基,必须进行深入研究和回答。本文对已有的一些研究报道,包括HS的特异性、生物分子单体与HS结构特征的比较、基于生物多样性（进化）的天然生物材料与HS形成、HS形成机理及胡敏酸（HA）、富里酸（FA）形成顺序、矿物黏粒催化与HS形成、异核单量子相干谱（HSQC）和总相关谱（TOCSY）、傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱（FT-ICR-MS）和C1s软X射线近边吸收精细结构（NEXAFS）同步辐射技术应用等进行综合评述,并提出HS化学进一步研究的方向。

英文摘要：

Humic substances（HS）is the main part of natural organic matter（NOM）,which have very complicated composition and structure,the reason called a kind of substances,is based on the common structural characteristics or the＂distinctiveness＂of their structure,formed in the humification process. But after nearly 200 years of exploration,the＂distinctiveness＂is still not clear. Faced with this dilemma,in recent years,some research results are deduced unreasonably,and there seems to question＂distinctiveness＂of HS. This relates to the foundation of HS chemistry and must be extensively studied and answered. In this paper,the existing researches,including the structural＂distinctiveness＂of humic substances,comparison of biological molecules monomer to the feature of the HS structure,HS formation with natural biological material based on biological diversity（evolution）,formation mechanism of HS and formation sequence of humic acid（HA）and fulvic acid（FA）,mineral clay catalyst for HS formation,modern techniques application such as heteronuclear single quantum coherence（HSQC）,total correlation spectroscopy（TOCSY）,Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry（FTICR-MS）and synchrotron radiation soft near-edge X-ray adsorption fine-structure spectroscopy（NEXAFS）are waiting for carrying on review,and the direction for further HS research are put forward. The＂distinctiveness＂of HS will be studied in future in two ways：（1）Representative HS which come from different sources is compared with the recognized precursor monomers of biological molecules and bio-based（evolution）diversity of natural biomaterials. According to the differences,we can answer the question of the HS presence of ＂distinctiveness＂ and what is the＂distinctiveness＂.（2）Choosing universal and controllable incubation conditions,the natural biological material is incubated by microbial inoculated incubation as the HS precursors. The differences of structural characteristics before and