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中文摘要：
随着虚拟实验在教学中的广泛应用，如何设计合乎人自然真实状态的虚拟实验成为研究者的努力方向。传统的虚拟实验设计一般以正常的、理性的操作情况为主要对象，缺乏对学习者在非正常情景和非理性心理因素下的认知和行为特性考虑，很容易导致操作出错，增加学习者的认知负荷。因此在虚拟实验设计过程中，需将用户的非理性因素融入其中，构建非理性用户模型指导设计过程。考虑到人的非理性主要表现在认知、情绪、行动各个阶段，虚拟实验的非理性用户模型应该包括认知模型、行动模型、出错模型和环境模型四个子模型。基于非理性用户模型，虚拟实验设计应注意满足学习者的视觉意向性，合理布局界面容量及结构，优化交互设计，重视虚拟实验系统的出错预防及矫正功能，提高虚拟实验的智能性。
英文摘要：
With the wide application of virtual experiment in teaching, how to design a virtual experiment which conforms to the natural and true state of human beings becomes a new direction taken by researchers. The traditional virtual experiment treats students＆#39; normal and rational operation as the main object of study. It lacks the consideration of students＆#39; cognitive and behavioral characteristics under the circumstance of abnormal and irrational psychology. So it is prone to leading to a wrong operation and increases the students＆#39; cognitive load. Therefore, in the process of designing virtual experiment, we need to take the irrational factors into consideration, and build an irrational user model to guide the design process. Considering that the irrational factors mainly represent in the stages of cognition, emotion and action, the irrational user model of virtual experiment should consist of a cognitive model, an action model, an error model and an environment model. Based on this model, when designing virtual experiment, we should pay attention to meeting students＇ visual intentionality, designing the interface capacity and structure reasonably, optimizing the interaction design, and attaching importance to the error prevention and correction functions of virtual experiment system, so as to improve the intelligence of virtual experiment.
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