中文摘要：

胞外呼吸菌是在厌氧条件下氧化有机物产生电子,进而将电子传递至胞外电子受体并产生能量维持自身生长的一类微生物,在重金属和有机污染物迁移转化过程中发挥着重要作用,且菌群的协同作用效果较单一微生物更为显著。胞外呼吸菌在自然环境中广泛存在,主要集中在变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Acidobacteria）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）,且多数为革兰氏阴性菌,其中希瓦氏菌（Shewanella oneidensisi MR-1）和地杆菌（Geobacter sulfurreducens）是研究较为深入的胞外呼吸模式菌。目前已知的5种胞外电子传递机制包括直接电子传递、电子穿梭体、应电运动、纳米导线和细胞间电子传递机制,各种机制非独立存在而是共同作用以促进污染物降解。文章从胞外呼吸菌的种类、胞内与胞外电子传递机制等方面进行综述,并着重论述了胞外呼吸菌在污染物迁移转化中的最新应用进展,为更好地发挥其环境效应提供参考。

英文摘要：

Extracellular respiratory bacteria（ERB ） could produce electrons by oxidation of organic matter under anaerobic conditions, then transfer them to the extracellular electron acceptors and gain energy to maintain their growth. ERB play an important role in the migration and transformation of heavy metals and organic pollutants, and the synergy effect between different microorganisms exerts greater advantage than single microorganisms. These bacteria, mainly including Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria and Firmicutes, are widely distributed in the environment, and most of them are Gram-negative bacteria. Shewanella oneidensisi MR-1 and Geobacter sulfurreducens are often used as model microorganisms to reveal the mechanism of electron transport. Five mechanisms regarding extracellular electron transport have been identified, including direct electron transport, electron shuttling, electrokinesis, conductive nanowires, and intercellular electron transport. These mechanisms do not exist independently in environment, but simultaneously exert effects on contaminants degradation. The present review underlines the species, distribution and electron transfer mechanisms of ERB, with an emphasis on their recent applications on the migration and transformation of contaminants in environments. This review could provide theoretical foundation on how to better exert the environmental effects of ERB.