中文摘要：

海洋环境中的厌氧铵氧化过程作为实现固定态氮从海洋生态系统中移除的一个新途径,广泛地存在于各种海洋环境中,包括永久性缺氧水体、沉积物、海冰甚至海底热液,是海洋氮循环过程中一个非常重要的环节。开展海洋环境中厌氧铵氧化过程的研究可以更好地量化海洋氮循环过程中的收支,而这一收支在很大程度上影响着全球的气候变化。介绍了海洋环境中厌氧铵氧化过程研究历史,并分别讨论了在大洋缺氧水体和沉积物中厌氧铵氧化速率的分布情况,同时还总结了海洋环境因子如温度、氧气、硫化氢、NO3-/NO2-、NH4＋以及有机物等对厌氧铵氧化的影响。最后探讨了该领域研究中所存在的问题并指出了亟待开展的工作：特定大洋缺氧水体中厌氧铵氧化与反硝化的争议以及近岸缺氧水体中厌氧铵氧化的研究;陆架及深海大洋沉积物中厌氧铵氧化的深入研究;对于全球海洋氮循环收支的重新评估。

英文摘要：

As a new pathway to remove fixed nitrogen from marine ecosystem, anaerobic ammonium oxidation （anammox） widely occurs in various marine environments including the oxygen minimum zones, sediment, sea ice, even the deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Anammox is a key pathway for accurately estimating nitrogen budget and plays a significant role in the marine nitrogen cycle, which has an important impact on the global climate change. The history of anammox study is discussed. In addition, the distribution of anammox rates in oceanic OMZs and sediments and its significance is also discussed. The major environmental factors affecting the anammox rate are also summarized, including temperature, oxygen, sulfide, NO~/NO~,NH~ and organic matter. Finally, the problems and challenges in present and future studies are suggested as follows ： the relative contribution of ana- mmox and denitrification in nitrogen loss in the OMZs; anammox in coastal hypoxic waters; further study of anam- mox in continental shelf and deep oceanic sediments; reevaluation of marine nitrogen budget.