中文摘要：

根据矿场试验和室内试验的研究成果，开发低渗透和特低渗透油藏时会产生非达西渗流现象，尤其是原油渗流会存在较为明显的启动压力梯度。结合低渗透油藏注水开发的特点，考虑油、水两相渗流均存在启动压力梯度，以及岩石存在应力敏感，建立三维油、水两相非达西渗流数学模型。利用差分方法得到该模型的数值差分格式，在此基础上编制模拟软件。以大庆肇源油田源121—3区块为研究对象，首先将建立的非达西渗流的数值模拟结果与现场实测的生产动态数据进行对比验证。然后，在五点注采井网的基础上，设计一个“正方形注采单元”，在保持采油井和注水井井底流压的前提条件下，改变注采井距，通过模拟计算得到油井见水时地层流体压力、流体压力梯度、地层绝对渗透率和启动压力梯度的空间分布，最后得到有效驱动注采井距，从而为该特低渗透油藏的注采井网部署提供依据。

英文摘要：

According to the results of mine test and lab experiment, non-Darcy seepage flow will occur during the exploitation of reservoirs with low permeability and extra-low permeability, especially the crude oil seepage flow, which will have a obvious startup pressure gradient. Considering that the seepage flows of the oil and water have startup pressure gradients and that rock has stress sensibility, the three-dimensional oil-water two-phase mathematical model is built, and combined with the characteristics of the low permeability reservoir＇s water injection exploitation. The finite difference schemes of the seepage mathematical model are obtained by the finite difference method; and the numerical simulation software is developed. The numerical simulation results of the production history of Yuan 121 - 3 block of Zhaoyuan Oil Field in Daqing are compared and successively verified with the field production data. Based on the five-point injection-production well network, a square injection-production unit is designed. Under the condition of keeping bottom pressures of producer and injector wells constant, the space between the injection and the production well is changed; and the formation fluid pressure, fluid pressure gradient, formation absolute permeability, and the spatial distribution of the startup pressure gradient are obtained by using the numerical simulation software when oil well begins to produce water. At last, the effective space between the injection well and the production well is achieved to provide references to the network arrangement of the injection and production wells for the extra-low permeability reservoir.