中文摘要：

古DNA研究至今已经历20多年时间，近年来，在生物系统进化和谱系发生等方面有着越来越广泛的应用．我国古DNA研究起步较晚，主要集中于我国近几千年来古人类DNA提取和个体及群体遗传关系的研究，其他动植物古DNA研究相对较少．国际上古DNA研究不仅涉及内容广泛，而且在实验体系的规范和结果论证等方面有着严格的标准．本文系统介绍了规范古DNA实验体系的具体建立方法，强调空白提取对照、PCR水对照等各类对照的设立及可重复性实验在古DNA序列可靠性验证中的重要作用；并对近年来古DNA研究的新方法、新技术，如多重PCR、第二代高通量测序技术等进行了详细介绍．

英文摘要：

More than twenty years have passed, since the advent of ancient DNA. The research added a direct temporal dimension to evolutionary researches. To date, biological evolution studies and phylogeny analysis that rely on comparison of DNA sequences from museum specimens, archaeological finds, fossil remains have become commonplace. In this paper, we first introduced our current understanding of the way to set up the stringent experimental system in each step of ancient DNA studies, particularly focused on the crucial importance of reproducibility and mock extraction together with some other blank controls in the experiment. Besides, some new technologies in or related to ancient DNA studies, such as multiplex PCR as well as high throughput sequencing technology, have been reviewed.