中文摘要：

传染病病原菌是对人类和动物健康的最大威胁。深入研究病原菌如何入侵宿主细胞的机制是揭示传染病的关键。经过长期的进化革兰氏阴性菌发展形成几种分泌途径破坏宿主细胞，包括普通分泌途径、Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型分泌途径。这些病原菌主要是通过摧毁宿主细胞的细胞骨架、调节信号转导途径和破坏宿主细胞的免疫机制达到感染宿主细胞的目的。本文首先就病原菌毒力因子的分泌途径进行了初步介绍，然后对目前有关病原菌如何入侵宿主细胞以及入侵宿主细胞后如何破坏细胞的结构和功能进行了概述。

英文摘要：

Infectious diseases are major threats to human and animal health. A key to understanding infectious disease is studying how bacterial pathogens subvert host-cell pathways. During long evolution, gram-negative bacteria have evolved several secretion pathways to hijack host cells, including general secretary pathway （GSP）, type Ⅰpathway, type Ⅱpathway, type Ⅲpathway, type Ⅳpathway. These pathogens usually exploit the host-cell cytoskeleton, disorder key signaling pathways, evade or subvert the host immune response. In this review, we provide an overview of the understanding of the secretion pathways for bacterial virulence, together with the current understanding of how bacterial pathogens interact with host cells and how the pathogens subvert the structure and function of the cells.