中文摘要：

影响医患冲突升级的主体可以分为当事方和第三方两类。当事方可以进一步分为直接当事方和间接当事方。第三方可以分为中介第三方、媒体第三方和旁观第三方。本文基于2002—2016年发生的150起医患冲突案例，分析了医患冲突升级过程中各类主体的作用频数和作用方式。并发现间接当事方的作用频数超过了直接当事方，旁观第三方的作用频数超过了中介第三方和媒体第三方。医患冲突的有效治理要综合考虑各类主体的作用，特别要加强对间接当事方和旁观第三方作用方式的研究。

英文摘要：

The parties in the doctor-patient disputes can be divided into two categories： interested parties and the third parties. The interested parties can be further divided into direct and indirect interested parties. The third party can be also divided into mediators, media and onlookers. Based on 150 cases of disputes between doctors and patients during 2002-2016, this paper analyzes the frequency and mode of actions taken by various parties in the process of conflict escalation, and finds that the impact frequency of the indirect in- terested party is more than frequency of the direct interested party, that the impact frequency of the onlooker is more than the frequency of mediators and media. The effective resolution of tile conflict between doctors and patients should take into account the roles of all kinds of parties and the research on the indirect interested party and the onlooker should be strengthened.