中文摘要：

籽粒大小是大豆产量的一个重要因素。有关大豆籽粒的遗传学和生理生态学研究已有一些研究，而对于籽粒发育过程中的遗传效应却报道很少。文章采用种子广义遗传模型，分析了大豆双列杂交组合3个世代遗传材料8个时期的鲜籽粒大小和干籽粒大小的数据，应用非条件和条件遗传方差及相关方法分析了发育遗传规律。8个时期的亲本、F1、F2的鲜籽粒大小和干籽粒大小的平均数分别在9／6和9／13达到最高值，鲜籽粒大小在9／6后迅速下降，干籽粒大小在9／13后区于稳定。非条件方差分析表明在整个生育期中，胚遗传效应、细胞质遗传效应和母体植株遗传效应对大豆鲜籽粒大小和干籽粒大小有影响。在多数生育阶段中，细胞质和母体植株的遗传效应对鲜籽粒大小和干籽粒大小影响较大。条件方差分析表明，在大豆生育期中，各遗传体系的基因间断性表达。在多数生育阶段中，细胞质和母体植株的净遗传效应高于胚净遗传效应。不同时期的各遗传体系的基因效应可以单独或同时影响鲜籽粒大小和干籽粒大小的最终表现。8／16的胚加性效应、8／9和8／16的胚显性效应、8／2和8／16的母体植株显性效应影响到鲜籽粒大小的最终表现。8／2和9／13的胚加性效应、8／9的细胞质效应、8／2的母体植株显性效应对干籽粒大小的最终表现有影响。

英文摘要：

Seed size is one of the important factors of soybean [Glycine max （L.） Merrill] yield. There have been lots of reports about genetic effects and physiology-ecological researches on seed size, but the genetic behaviors of genes during seeds development were rarely discussed. Analysis of main genetic effects for fresh seed size （FSS） and dry seed size （DSS） of soybean was conducted with diallel cross data by using a seed genetic model. Analyses of unconditional and conditional variances and correlations were used to evaluate the developmental behavior of soybean. The phenotypic means of FSS and DSS in soybean at eight stages among three generations reached the highest value at 9/6 and 9/13, respectively. The means of FSS decreased dramatically after 9/6, but the means of DSS maintained relatively stable tendency at corresponding periods. The unconditional variance analysis showed that FSS and DSS were controlled by embryo, cytoplasmic and maternal effects in the whole growth period. Genetic effects due to cytoplasmic and maternal effects were relatively important for FSS and DSS at most of the growth periods. Conditional variance analysis showed that genes from different genetic system expressed discontinuously in the whole growth period. The net genetic effects due to cytoplasmic and maternal plant on FSS and DSS were larger than those of embryo effects at most of the growth periods. Different genetic system can affect the relationship of various stages to mature solely or simultaneously. Embryo additive effects at 8/16, embryo dominance effects at 8/9 and 8/16, maternal plant dominance effects at 8/2 and 8/16 could ultimately affect the performance of FSS at maturing stage. Embryo additive effects at 8/2 and 9/13, cytoplasm effects at 8/9, maternal plant dominance effects at 8/2 could ultimately affect the performance of DSS.