中文摘要：

红山文化的生业模式学术界主要有两种观点:一种意见认为红山文化晚期的农业比重并没有上升到经济的主导地位,其经济应该属于农业和渔猎并重类型;另一种意见认为红山文化晚期农业经济彻底取代渔猎经济,居于主导地位。就现有的考古资料结合最新的浮选成果来看,红山文化的生业模式是农业与渔猎采集并重。除此之外,红山文化经济结构中的手工业已出现了专门化,这从一个方面标志着红山文化已经进入社会复杂化阶段。其社会管理从管理模式上来看,属区别于中原地区王权管理模式的神权管理模式;从管理体系上来讲,存在分层管理、分区管理和分群管理等。经济的多样性和完善的社会管理体系使得红山文化在较长时期内持续发展,最终孕育出文明的火花。

英文摘要：

The academic circles mainly hold two viewpoints on the subsistence mode of Hongshan Culture:one considers the proportion of agriculture in the late period of Hongshan Culture did not rise to the domi‐nated position of the economy ,and the forms of economy should belong to the type ,w hich consist of agri‐culture ,fishing and hunting ;the second opinion is that agricultural economy of Hongshan Culture in the posterior time has substituted the hunting and gathering economy completely and occupies a leading posi‐tion .On the basis of existing archaeological data and floatation results ,the subsistence mode of the Hong‐shan Culture is formed by agriculture ,fishing ,hunting ,and gathering .In addition ,the handicraft indus‐try in the economic structure of Hongshan Culture has been specialized gradually ,w hich becomes a sign that Hongshan Culture has stepped on the stage of complex society .The social management ,from the point of view of the management mode ,is theocratic management mode ,w hich is different from the king‐ship management mode in the Central Plains region ;the management system includes hierarchical manage‐ment ,partition management and group management .Economic diversity and perfect social management system contribute the Hongshan Culture to developing sustainably in a prolong perspective and eventually gave birth to the spark of the civilization .