中文摘要：

水母旺发已成为一种新型海洋生态灾害,使海洋生态系统的结构和功能、海洋生态环境受到严重破坏.本文总结了水母旺发的可能诱因,重点探讨了水母旺发对海水生源要素、溶解氧、酸碱度以及生物群落的影响.结果表明：水母旺发与其自身生理结构与生活史密切相关,其具有的身体结构简单、生长迅速、繁殖性强、世代间隔时间短及耐不良环境等特点,使其遇合适环境可迅速繁殖.水母旺发的主要直接诱因可能与海水温度变化有关,海水升温可导致水母食物增多,促进水母生殖,尤其对暖温性水母,更易引起水母聚集繁殖,形成旺发.富营养化、气候变化、过渡捕捞、生物入侵、栖息地改变也是水母旺发的重要影响因素.水母旺发可显著影响生源要素的形态和生物地球化学循环,水母排放NH4＋和PO43-速率分别为59.1~91.5μmol N·kg^-1·h^-1和1.1~1.8μmol P·kg^-1·h^-1,可为浮游植物提供8%~10%和21.6%的N和P,释放溶解有机碳速率为1.0μmol C·g^-1·d^-1.水母腐烂时总氮和总磷的释放速率可达4000μmol N·kg^-1·d^-1和120μmol P·kg^-1·d^-1,溶解有机碳的释放速率为30μmol C·g^-1·d^-1;水母腐烂可影响水体的酸碱度与溶解氧含量,导致水体严重酸化与缺氧/无氧,p H降幅为1.3,平均耗氧量可达32.8μmol·kg^-1·h^-1.水母旺发还可引起某些鱼类与浮游动物生物量的减少与重新分布,浮游微生物增加,间接导致浮游植物增加,引起海洋初级生产的异常.

英文摘要：

Jellyfish blooms have damaged the normal composition and function of marine ecosystem and ecological environments, which have been one of the new marine ecological disasters. In this study, we summarized the possible inducements of jellyfish blooms, and the influences of jellyfish blooms on biogenic elements, dissolved oxygen, seawater acidity and biological community were discussed emphatically. The results showed that jellyfish blooms had a close contact with its physio- logical structure and life history, which had favorable characteristics including simple body struc- ture, rapid growth, thriving reproduction and short generation interval to tolerate harsh environment better. Jellyfish abundance increased rapidly when it encountered suitable conditions. The tempera- ture variations of seawater might be the major inducing factor which could result in jellyfish blooms. Jellyfish blooms may benefit from warmer temperature that could increase the food availability of jel- lyfish and promote jellyfish reproduction, especially for warm temperate jellyfish species. Eutrophi- cation, climate change, overfishing, alien invasions and habitat modification were all possible im- portant contributory factors of jellyfish blooms. Jellyfish could significantly influence the form distri- bution and biogeochemical cycling of biogenic elements. Jellyfish excreted NH4^＋ and PO4^3- at a rate of 59.1-91.5 p, mol N · kg^-1 · h^-1 and 1.1 - 1.8 μmol P · kg^-1 · h^-1, which could meet about 8% -10% and 21.6% of the phytoplankton primary production requirement of N and P, respective-ly. Live jellyfish released dissolved organic carbon （DOC） at a rate of 1.0 μmol C ·g^-1 · d^-1. As jellyfish decomposing, the effluxes of total N and total P were 4000 μmol N · kg^-1 · d^-1 and 120μmol P · kg^-1 · d^-1 , respectively, while the efflux of DOC reached 30 μmol C· g^-1 · d^-1. Jellyfish decomposition could cause seawater acidification and lowered level of dissolved oxygen and finally made the ambient water become acidic