中文摘要：

运用显微硬度测试仪、静水称重法、X射线粉晶衍射仪、傅立叶红外光谱仪、原子吸收分光光度计、环境扫描电镜等测试手段，对福建寿山高山石和坑头石的矿物学特征进行了研究。结果表明，高山石含有多种高岭石族矿物，其中以地开石为主要矿物；坑头石中除含有地开石外，还存在相当数量的珍珠陶石以及地开石-高岭石、地开石-珍珠陶石的过渡矿物。认为寿山石的透明度与矿物颗粒的粒度、结晶程度有关。另外，发现铁离子为黑色寿山石的主要致色离子，寿山石中的裂解主要由矿物颗粒间定向排列造成。

英文摘要：

The Shoushan stone is a unique carving stone in China, with long history and great reputation. The authors studied the mineralogical characteristics of Gaoshan stones and Kengtou stones from Shoushan, Fujian Province, by means of microhardness tester, hydrostatic weighing method, X-ray powder diffraction （XRD）, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）, atomic absorption spectrophotometer and environmental scanning electron microscopy （ESEM）. The study probed into the differences between Gaoshan stones and Kengtou stones in the aspects of hardness, specific gravity, mineral composition, chemical composition and microstructure characteristics, with a discussion on the factors affecting the color and transparency of Shoushan stones. The results indicate that the samples collected in this study all belong to kaolinite group Shoushan stones. Their data are similar in hardness and specific gravity. As for mineral composition, their main minerals are alike while their auxiliary minerals have some slight differences. According to XRD and FTIR, the kaolinite group can be found in Gaoshan stones while the proportion of dickite is much higher than that of other stones, and the main minerals in the Kengtou stone are dickite and nacrite, with some transitional minerals like dickite-kaolinite and dickite-nacrite. The authors hold that the structures of dickites in some Kengtou stones were somewhat changed under some reactions in later periods. According to whole-rock chemical analyses, Fe is the main trace element contributing to dark Shoushan stones. ESEM photographs reveal that the particle sizes and degrees of crystallization of minerals are associated with the transparency of stones, and the directionality of mineral particles is one of the main factors causing the ‘cracking＇ during the carving of Shoushan stones, and hence carving on the well-orien-tated faces should be avoided.