中文摘要：

实时协同广泛采用数据复制技术来隐藏网络延迟、提高响应速度和改善交互体验。在复制式结构中，用户可以无约束地在不同数据副本上进行操作，这必然会引发一致性维护问题。针对上述问题，根据实时协同应用的特点和需求，总结一致性维护研究面临的技术挑战，通过研究实时协同中操作转换、地址空间转换和WOOT一致性维护的关键技术，讨论Undo和String转换等难点问题，分析这些关键技术在单用户软件向多用户协同软件透明转换、Web2.0环境和移动协同环境中的应用情况。

英文摘要：

Data replication is widely used to hide network latency, enhance response time and improve interaction experience in real-time collaboration. Users can operate on data replicas unconstrainedly, which results in consistency maintenance problems of these replicas. Aiming at the problem, this paper introduces the challenges of consistency maintenance according to the features and requirements of real-time collaboration applications. By analyzing representative key techniques of operation transformation, address space transformation and WOOT, it elaborates the challenging problems such as Undo and String transformation, and details how these key techniques are applied in the transparent adaptation from single-user applications to collaborative ones, Web 2.0 and mobile collaboration environments.