中文摘要：

目的：为正确评价医用X射线诊断所致受检者的辐射剂量，探讨科学且实用的测量、估算与评价各类诊断所致受检者剂量的相应方法。方法：从便于电离辐射剂量学分析角度出发。将各种医用X射线诊断分类为普通X射线检查、数字X射线摄影、乳腺X射线摄影和X射线计算机断层扫描。对比分析各类X射线诊断所致受检者剂量的各种表征量及其相应的直接测量或利用相应模式来推算的方法。结果：各类医用X射线诊断所致受检者剂量的表征量目前大都可以通过直接测量来得到，但即便辅助以各种模体，也只能准确测量出特定条件下的表征量，另外直接测量工作费时且费用高；利用有关参数建立的数理模式不仅可较方便推算各种诊断类型的辐射表征量，同时它们还可用于估算与辐射风险直接相关的受检者的有效剂量；后者更适于用来开展大规模调查和评价群体剂量及其相应的辐射风险。结论：准确评价X射线诊断所致受检者辐射剂量是医学物理领域颇为重要的课题，研究建立科学合理的辐射剂量评价模式具有重要的实用价值。

英文摘要：

Objective： For accurate evaluation of radiation doses on examinees from medical X-ray diagnosis, methods for measuring or estimating the radiation exposure to examinees imparted by various types of diagnosis radiology were systematically discussed. Methods： By categorizing the X-ray diagnosis into the conventional radiography, digital radiography, mammography and computed tomography, the charactering radiation quantities corresponding to different categories were reviewed, and the methods of direct measurements or model estimations for various diagnostic X-ray imaging modalities were compared and evaluated. Results： Direct measurements of the charactering radiation quantities are possible for most categories of the X-ray diagnosis at present, however, the measurements can only be precisely performed under some certain conditions, and the work is time-consuming and costly. On the other hand, mathematical models are relatively convenient not only for estimating the characterizing radiation quantities, bust also for evaluating the effective doses directly related to the radiation risks. The latter one is considered to be more suitable for performing large-scale surveys, and for evaluating the collective dose as well as its related radiation risk. Condnsions： Accurate evaluation of the radiation dose to examinees in X-ray diagnosis is an important topic in the field of medical physics, studies on building rational mathematical models for evaluating the radiation doses are practical and indispensable.