中文摘要：

土壤生态系统是地球上生物多样性最丰富的生境．土壤生物多样性在维持陆地生态系统碳动态和养分循环方面具有重要的作用，是目前土壤生态学领域最为重要的热点研究问题．本文综述了过去20年对土壤生物多样性研究经历的过程和取得的成果．首先，介绍了土壤生物多样性研究的历史发展过程，从早期问题的提出与研讨，到大规模的实验研究，再到对土壤生物多样性的监测、评价和保护．其次，重点介绍了土壤生物多样性研究领域的4个核心问题及其进展，包括土壤生物多样性的维持机制、土壤生物多样性与生态系统功能之间的关系、土壤生物多样性的分布格局及土壤生物多样性与植物多样性之间的关系．最后指出，尽管人们对上述土壤生物多样性的问题取得了一些研究成果，然而，在土壤生物多样性的研究方法、土壤生物多样性的大尺度地理分布格局及其机制、人类活动和全球变化对土壤生物多样性的影响以及土壤生物多样性在污染治理和生态恢复中的应用等方面还面临着巨大的挑战．

英文摘要：

Soil harbors the greatest biodiversity on the planet, and soil biodiversity plays a significant role in maintaining carbon dynamics and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Currently, soil biodiversity is one of the most important issues in soil ecology. In this review, we summarize the developments and achievements in soil biodiversity research over the last two decades. First, we introduce three critical developmental stages in soil biodiversity research, namely forums and symposiums, experimental testing, and monitoring and conservation practices. Then, we discuss four important soil biodiversity topics that have attracted extensive attention, and that epitomize important progress in soil biodiversity research. These topics include the mechanisms explaining The enigma of soil biodiversity, the relationships between soil biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, the biogeography of soil biodiversity, and the links between soil biodiversity and plant diversity. Finally, we discuss the challenges for future research on soil biodiversity, including the practical implementation of new methodologies, analyses of geographical distributions of soil biota, the impacts of human disturbance and global change on soil biodiversity, and the roles of soil organisms in ecological restoration.