中文摘要：

本文系统地总结了静态与动态条件下部分熔融岩石中熔体的形态及其分布特征,着重阐述部分熔融对橄榄岩和花岗岩流变学性质的影响。众所周知,部分熔融不仅是造成地球的成分演化、形成层圈构造的重要过程,而且对深部地壳和上地幔的物理性质（如,电导率、滞弹性、剪切波速度和渗透性等）皆具有重要的影响。尤其是,部分熔融岩石流变性的研究对于深刻理解地壳和岩石圈地幔之间的力学耦合、地幔对流,板块构造运移、造山作用、地壳隧道流等地质过程必不可少。在过去特别是近三十年来,该领域的实验和理论研究皆取得了长足的进步,加深了人们对部分熔融岩石流变学性质的理解,现已达成如下共识：在静态条件下,当橄榄岩中的熔体分数很小（〈约2%）时,熔体主要局限于颗粒三连点或沿粒棱分布;随着熔体体积分数的增加,颗粒边界上的熔体膜也会逐渐增多。然而,在共轴挤压和简单剪切变形条件下,熔体大多数沿着与最大主应力呈15°～30°的小角度的伸展剪切带分布。只要熔体的体积分数不大（约5%）,绝大多数颗粒边界并没有被熔体润湿,部分熔融只会导致中等程度的流变弱化效应。但是,随着熔体含量的增加,地幔岩流变强度的弱化效应会渐趋强烈,变形最终导致固—熔体的彼此分离（岩浆萃取）。

英文摘要：

This paper provides a state-of-the-art overview on the melt morphology and distribution in partially molten rocks under hydrostatic and dynamic conditions with special focuses on the influence of partial melting on rheological behavior of peridotite and granite.Partial melting controls most of the important geological processes（e.g.,formation of the crust,compositional evolution of the mantle） and the physical properties of deep crust and upper mantle（e.g.,electrical conductivity,anelasticity,seismic wave velocities,and permeability）.The understanding of the rheological properties of partially molten rocks is thus essential for modeling precisely large-scale geological processes including mechanical coupling between the crust and lithospheric mantle,convection of asthenosphere,plate tectonics,channel flow of middle to lower crust,mountain-building mechanisms.Significant progress in both experimental and theoretical studies occurred during the last three decades and has promoted our understanding of the rheological properties of partially molten rocks.The following consensus has been reached：under hydrostatic conditions,melt whose volume fraction is less than ~2% is generally restricted to the triple junctions or along grain edges.The degree of melt wetting increases with increasing pressure,temperature and melt fraction.Under non-hydrostatic conditions（either coaxial compression or simple shear）,however,melt occurs predominantly along extensional shear bands aligned at angles of about 15°~ 30° to the maximum principal compressive stress.The presence of 5% melt results hence in only a modest rheological weakening due to the heterogeneous distribution of melt.With increasing the melt fraction,the partially molten rocks are significantly weakened,which leads to deformation-induced melt segregation or extraction.