中文摘要：

骨髓移植是目前治疗恶性白血病以及遗传性血液病最有效的方法之一。但是HLA相匹配的骨髓捐献者严重短缺，骨髓造血干细胞（hematopoietic stem cells，HSCs）体外培养困难，在体外修复患者骨髓造血干细胞技术不成熟，这些都大大限制了骨髓移植在临床上的应用。多能性胚胎干细胞（embryonic stem cells，ESCs）具有自我更新能力，在合适的培养条件下分化形成各种血系细胞，是造血干细胞的另一来源。在过去的二十多年里，血发生的研究是干细胞生物学中最为活跃的领域之一。小鼠及人的胚胎干细胞方面的研究最近取得了重大进展。这篇综述总结了近年来从胚胎干细胞获得造血干细胞的成就，以及在安全和技术上的障碍。胚胎干细胞诱导生成可移植性血干细胞的研究能够使我们更好地了解正常和异常造血发生的机制，同时也为造血干细胞的临床应用提供理论和实验依据。

英文摘要：

Bone marrow （BM） transplantation is currently the standard treatment for high-risk leukemia and a range of genetic blood disorders. However, a shortage of HLA-matched BM donors and the inability to culture and genetically repair BM-derived hematopoietic stem ceils （HSCs） in vitro have limited their more widespread therapeutic applications. Embryonic stem cells （ESCs） are pluripotent cells that can self-renew and differentiate into hematopoietic lineages under appropriate conditions, which provide an alternative source for HSC transplantations. Over the last two decades, hematopoietic development from embryonic stem cells has been one of the most active areas of stem cell biology. Recent studies have progressed from work with mouse to human embryonic stem cells. This review outlines the current progress, safety and technical obstacles in derivation of hematopoietic stem cells from embryonic stem cells. Strategies to produce transplantable hemato- poietic populations can be used to better understand normal and abnormal hematopoiesis, but also facilitate the future application of hematopoietic cell from ＂bench to bedside＂.