中文摘要：

细菌厌氧氨氧化过程是在一类特殊细菌的厌氧氨氧化体内完成的以氨作为电子供体硝酸盐作为电子受体的一种新型脱氮反应。厌氧氨氧化菌的发现，改变人们对传统氮的生物地球化学循环的认识：反硝化细菌并不是大气中氮气产生的唯一生物类群。而且越来越多的证据表明，细菌厌氧氨氧化与全球的氮物质循环密切相关，估计海洋细菌的厌氧氨氧化过程占到全球海洋氮气产生的一半左右。由于氮与碳的循环密切相关，因此可以推测，细菌的厌氧氨氧化会影响大气中的二氧化碳浓度，从而对全球气候变化产生重要影响。另外，由于细菌厌氧氨氧化菌实现了氨氮的短程转化，缩短了氮素的转化过程，因此为开发更节约能源、更符合可持续发展要求的废水脱氮新技术提供了生物学基础。

英文摘要：

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation （Anammox） is a microbial oxidation process of ammonium, with nitrite as the electron aeceptor and dinitrogen gas as the main product, and is performed by a clade of deeply branched Planctomycetes, which possess an intracytoplasmic membrane-bounded organelle, the anammoxosome, for the Anammox process. The wide distribution of Anammox bacteria in different natural environments has been greatly modified the traditional view of biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen, in which microbial denitrifier is considered as the only organism to respire nitrate and nitrite to produce nitric and nitrous oxides, and eventually nitrogen gas. More evidences indicate that Anammox is responsible for the production of more than 50% of oceanic N2 and plays an important role in global nitrogen cycling. Moreover, due to the close relationship between nitrogen and carbon cycling, it is anticipated that Anammox process might also affect the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere, and influence the global climate change. In addition, the simultaneous transformation of nitrite and ammonium in wastewater treatment by Anammox would allow a 90% reduction in operational costs and provide a much more effective biotechnological process for wastewater treatment.