中文摘要：

【目的】黄淮海地区作为华北平原重要的农业生产区,氮肥投入量大、利用率低的现象较为普遍,氮肥损失和农业面源污染严重。本研究在长期肥料定位试验基础上,连续多年监测不同施肥处理下冬小麦田氮素挥发损失量及其规律,探讨减少黄淮海地区麦田氨挥发的有效施肥方式,为提高冬小麦产量及肥料利用效率提供科学依据。【方法】2011~2015年利用水肥渗漏研究池进行试验,以石麦15（SM15）为材料,以不施氮肥（CK）为对照处理,在同等施氮量下设置单施尿素（U）、单施牛粪（M）和尿素牛粪1∶1配施（U＋M）3种氮肥配比处理,随机区组设计。采用通气法连续4年原位监测不同施肥处理下小麦氨挥发损失量、小麦籽粒产量及氮肥利用率。【结果】2011~2015年氨挥发损失量年际间变化较大,最大变幅可达19.69 kg/hm~2,年际间施肥后氨挥发速率变化规律趋势相似。不同施肥处理对土壤氨挥发有显著影响,冬小麦季氨挥发主要发生在施肥后15 d内,拔节期追肥的氨挥发速率显著高于播种期施用基肥。四年间氨挥发损失量平均达7.26~42.40 kg/hm~2,与不施氮肥相比,施氮处理的氨挥发损失量升高1.40~4.84倍,表明施用氮肥显著促进土壤氨挥发;施氮处理的氮肥损失率以U处理最高,达到19.5%,M处理最低,为5.7%,U＋M处理为12.3%,介于两处理之间,U＋M处理和M处理的氮肥损失率较U处理四年平均分别降低了37.0%和71.1%,表明单施有机肥或有机无机肥配施可显著抑制氨挥发损失。2011~2015年各施肥处理冬小麦产量均以U＋M处理最高,达9461.5 kg/hm~2,较U和M处理分别增产6.8%和9.1%。各处理的冬小麦籽粒吸氮量、地上部吸氮量同样以U＋M处理最大,较U和M处理分别提高7.1%、12.6%和5.4%、12.9%。U＋M处理的氮肥利用率在四年均最高,达41.96%,较U和M处理分别提高16.5%~19.6%和38.6%~58.7%。【结论】综合籽粒产量及氮素?

英文摘要：

[ Objectives ] The Huang Huai-Hai Plain （HHP） is an important agricultural production area in North China Plain. The excessive application of nitrogen fertilizers and low nitrogen use efficiency are very common, and nitrogen fertilizer loss and agricultural non-point source pollution are serious. To deal with these problems, the amount of ammonia volatilization loss and its regularity in winter wheat fields under different fertilization treatments were monitored continuously for many years using a long-term fertilization experiment. The purpose of this study aimed to reduce the ammonia volatilization of the HHP, and then provide a scientific basis for improving yield of winter wheat and efficiency of fertilizers based on the long-term fertilizer experiment. [ Methods ] The experiment was conducted using lysimeters in 2011-2015 and the tested winter wheat cultivar was SM 15. The venting method was used to monitor ammonia volatilization under four fertilization modes （organic manure, M; half organic manure plus half chemical N fertilizer, U ＋ M; urea, U and no N fertilizer, CK） in a winter wheat and summer maize rotation in the North China Plain. [ Results ] The amount of ammonia volatilization varied greatly from 2011 to 2015, with the maximum value of 19.69 kg/hm2. The trend of ammonia volatilization rate after the fertilization was similar. The ammonia volatilization in winter wheat mainly occurred within 15 days after the fertilization, and the rate of ammonia volatilization after applying topdressing fertilizer at the jointing stage was significantly higher than that at the seeding stage. The flux of ammonia volatilization was dramatically influenced by fertilizer types and their combination. The amount of ammonia volatilization was 7.26-42.40 kg/hm2. The ammonia volatilization loss amounts of the N fertilizer treatments were increased by 1.40-4.84 times compared with the no N fertilizer, which indicated that the application of nitrogen fertilizer could significantly promote the ammonia volatilizati