中文摘要：

干旱半干旱牧区社会生态系统人、草、畜三者紧密关联,草场承包政策阻碍了牲畜在较大空间范围内的移动,长期而言不但使草地生产力下降,也对牧民生产生活造成严重影响。草场流转被认为是草场承包之后,利用市场配置资源的优势,解决草畜矛盾、改善牧民生计的途径之一。作为一种市场手段,流转是否能解决草场承包带来的草原生态和牧民生计困境,对草原管理的发展方向有重要的参考意义。本文试图从牧区人、草、畜关系特征的角度,在案例地通过半结构式访谈和问卷调查搜集相关资料,深入剖析草场流转给牧民生产生活和草原生态带来的影响,探讨用市场方法整合草场、恢复牲畜移动存在的问题及背后的原因。研究表明,草场流转在一定程度上能协调草场承包到户后产生的牲畜对草场的需求与草场供给之间的矛盾,草场整体的放牧压力稍有缓解,牧民生计有所提高;但是却造成草场内部放牧压力转移、被流转草场过度利用,贫困户因无法转产而无法根本改善生计,贫富分化加剧的问题。此外,草场流转后组用草场的富户虽然移动距离有所增加,但是空间仍相对固定,牧户关系更加独立,仍然使其难以灵活应对自然灾害、政策变化等带来的风险。

英文摘要：

Pastoralists,pasture and livestock in arid and semi-arid pastoral area are closely related.It has important significance for pasture ecological protection and pastoralists’livelihoods improvement to solve the influence of fragmentation brought by China’s grassland contract policy.It’s considered that pasture transfer is a market based instrument to solve the conflict among livestock,pasture and pastoralists after fragmentation.Taking a Gacha（village）located in the south of New Barag Right Banner,Hulunbeir as an example,this paper focused on the transformation of relationship among pastoralists,pasture and livestock,which was affected by grassland contract and pasture transfer.Through case study,we attempted to analysis pasture transfer’s impact on pasture ecology and pastoralists’production.Data was collected from household questionnaire survey and semi-structural interview,and interviewing stakeholders of the Gacha in July 2011.16 households have been interviewed in the case,accounted for 26%of the total.Study shows that the resources in arid and semi-arid area are highly heterogeneous in space and time,the pastoralist in this area need flexible mobility to fulfill the livestock’s demand on both forage and external environment.Besides,flexible mobility can help avoid highly uncertain natural disasters.However,the grassland contract policy fragmented the resources.Fragmentation leads to less mobility of livestock and the conflict between the livestock demand and the pasture’s supply,which brings the contradiction between pasture ecology and the pastoralists’livelihoods in further.After the contract,pasture transfer can reconcile the conflict between livestock’s need and the pasture’s supply brought by grassland contract policy,which will alleviate the grazing pressure on pasture and improve pastoralists’livelihoods at a certain extent.However,there’re problems at the meantime.Due to lack of monitoring and short duration of leasehold,the grazing pressure is transferred within pasture,th