中文摘要：

分子生态学技术的发展大大促进了人们对环境中微生物群落的研究，也为研究油藏微生物群落和微生物采油技术提供了一个新的工具，尤其16S rRNA基因技术应用于油藏微生物生态研究．该技术克服了基于细胞水平研究方法的不足，能更准确、更客观地揭示油藏微生物的多样性、群落动态变化、种群结构及进化等方面的信息．文章简要综述了16S rRNA基因技术发展历程及在环境微生物生态学中的应用，详细概述了16S rRNA基因技术在油藏微生物生态研究中的地位和作用以及用于油藏微生物生态研究的16S rRNA基因技术，讨论了16S rRNA基因技术目前在油藏微生物生态研究中存在的问题，通过实例论证了该技术的现场应用效果，重点介绍了胜利油田利用T-RFLP、DGGE等分子生态学技术在河口采油厂罗801区块空气辅助微生物驱和单12区块内源微生物驱研究中的应用，阐明了分子生态学技术在微生物提高原油采收率研究中的重要的意义．

英文摘要：

With the development of molecular biology, the research on microflora in the environment is accelerated and a new method for oil reservoir microflora and microbial enhanced oil recovery is provided. Especially as a new technology, 16S rRNA gene technology can more precisely express the oil reservoir microflora communities diversity, dynamic variation, structure and evolution comparing with traditional technologies based on microbial cultivation. In this paper, the development course of 16S rRNA gene technology and its application in the environmental microbiology are briefly reviewed. Its status and function used in oil reservoir are discussed in detail, as well as its frequently-used technologies. In order to account for the field application effect of this technology clearly, an example which introduces emphatically the application of the main 16S rRNA gene technology such as T-RFLP and DGGE in Luo-801 block air assisted microbial flooding technology and Shan-12 block indigenous microbial enhanced oil recovery of Shengli oilfield is given and the significance of molecular ecology technology in microbial enhanced oil recovery is illustrated at the same time.