中文摘要：

分子机器是一种分子水平上的机器，它是一类通过外部刺激（如化学能、电能、光照等）将能量转化为可控运动的分子器件。由于人工分子机器在纳米科技领域的应用越来越普遍，已经引起人们的广泛关注。人工合成的分子机器在模拟机器运动时主要有线性运动和旋转运动两种基本运动方式，本文重点介绍了几种旋转型的单分子机器，包括分子齿轮、分子转门、分子闸和分子棘轮、分子马达等。这类分子机器的结构特点是由轴、转子和定子三部分组成，其运动特点是转子通过轴围绕定子进行双向或单向旋转。本文在介绍这类分子转子的同时，简单讨论了其设计理念和在溶液状态下所表现出的动力学行为，同时还展望了分子转子和分子马达的发展前景和面临的挑战。

英文摘要：

The concept of a machine can be extended to the molecular level. A molecular-level machine can be defined as an assembly of molecular components designed to perform mechanical-like movements as a consequence of appropriate external stimuli, such as chemical energy, electrical energy and light. Artificial molecular machines show potential applications in the field of nanotechnology, which attract chemists with great interest. The two basic movements of artificial molecular machines are linear motion and rotary motion. We limit our discussion to the rotary motion and describe the different types of rotary motors in this review. The structure of this rotational molecular machine consists of axis, a rotator and a stator. The rotator winds around the stator through the axis in the way of bidirectional or unidirectional rotation. We describe the designs and dynamic behaviors of single molecular rotary machines in solution, which mainly include molecular gear, motor, molecular turnstile, molecular brake and ratchet.