中文摘要：

机体如何识别以及清除入侵的病毒一直是分子免疫学研究的重点．早期的研究揭示，病毒的入侵可诱导表达大量的IFNβ，PKR等抗病毒蛋白分子．这些蛋白质分子通过多种方式造成被侵染细胞表现出特殊的状态或迅速凋亡，从而控制病毒的复制和传播，同时诱导产生大量细胞因子和趋化因子等，启动适应性免疫反应的进程．但是，该领域研究的一个重要瓶颈是对于病毒与宿主细胞相互作用的最早期信号事件了解甚微．近几年的研究工作在先天性免疫系统如何识别早期病毒的入侵方面取得了重大进展．TLR3和RIG-I／MDA5细胞信号转导通路，是最近发现的宿主细胞识别与应答病毒的重要调节机制．它们利用不同的细胞信号转导机制诱导先天性免疫反应，主要参与脊椎动物细胞识别和清除RNA病毒的原发抗感染过程，是机体先天免疫系统的一种重要反应机制，直接影响后续适应性免疫系统的作用．就这些细胞信号转导通路在先天性免疫应答中的研究进展做了概述与展望．

英文摘要：

How the hosts recognize and clear invading viruses is one of the key issues in molecular immunology. Previous studies uncovered that many early antiviral proteins, such as Type Ⅰ interferons and PKR, are strongly induced upon virus infection. These proteins not only limit virus replication and spread or cause infected cells to undergo apoptosis, but also induce consequently expression of cytokines and chemokines to initiate acquired immunity. However, the immediate-early signaling events among host and virus interaction were largely unknown. In the past few years, there are great breakthroughs in this rapidly evolving field. TLR3 and RIG-FMDA5 signaling pathways were shown to play a crucial regulatory role in antiviral processes. These pathways are essential for the vertebrate immune system to recognize and clear RNA virus with different strategies, which are integral parts of innate immune response and directly affect later-stage acquired immunity. The recent know-how on TLR3 and RIG-FMDA5 signal transduction pathways and their roles in antiviral immunity were summarized.